Sanitation Library
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WOMENA SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Many women develop urogenital infections, such as bacterial vaginosis or yeast infections, at some point in their life. Prevalence rates of 20-30% or more have been documented in both high-, middle- and low-income countries. Many infections are asymptomatic, meaning that those who have the infection do not know.
Menstruation is a normal, physiologic …
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The Menstrual Hygiene Management pilot was conducted among 80 refugee women and girls, aged 15-30 years in Imvepi refugee settlement over four phases, namely (1) exploration, sensitization and training of trainers, (2) trainer trial period, (3) beneficiary training, and (4) menstrual cup (MC) trial period of beneficiaries and final evaluation. In addition to the fact that female received …
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Is the menstrual cup a potential solution to address the challenges surrounding menstrual health and management (MHM) for girls and women in low-income contexts?
This qualitative study assessed the drivers and challenges for acceptability of the menstrual cup (MC) among schoolgirls in rural Uganda. The study included 36 schoolgirls aged 13–17 recruited from a school-based controlled trial of …
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In the communities where WoMena works, girls and women frequently ask about menstrual irregularities. Clearly, they are concerned, both about their general health, and their fertility. Irregularities take many forms - age at onset of menarche or menopause, length of cycle, amount of bleeding, menstrual pain and discomfort, as well as bleeding outside the cycle.
Menstrual patterns vary greatly …
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Study objectives: The objectives of this study were to assess young girls and women’s acceptability, suitability and hygienic safety of using menstrual cups in Uganda, when introducing cups through the Uganda Red Cross Society (URCS) Life Planning Skills (LPS) project framework. In the long-‐term, this is intended to support the formulation and implementation of policies and programs aimed …
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WOMENA RECOMMENDATIONS
The risk of developing Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS) for women using Menstrual Cups (MCs) is very
low.
In 1979-80, large numbers of menstruation-associated cases of TSS appeared. In the US alone, more than 1000 cases were reported in 1980. An ultra-absorbent tampon (Rely) was identified as a main reason for this spike, but many other products were also associated, for …
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WOMENA RECOMMENDATIONS
Based on available evidence, expert opinion, recommendations from health authorities as well as from manufacturers, there is little scientific evidence to indicate that menstrual cup use increases the risk of IUD expulsion, and therefore little reason for IUD users to exclude using an MC. In the spirit of precaution, and until better evidence is available, possible users …
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WoMena’s SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Which, and how many, products are used?
This FAQ focuses on disposable or reusable products, which are commercially available. Little information is available on traditional or homemade products. Estimates of how many products are used differ widely. Some estimates from High-Income Countries indicate around 30 products per cycle (390 annually), …
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Globally many women and girls do not have access to appropriate Menstrual Health Management (MHM) methods that are effective, comfortable, convenient, affordable and safe to use and dispose of. Combined with inadequate facilities, social support and knowledge of menstruation as well as prevailing menstrual taboos and stigma, the lack of appropriate MHM methods can impact the physical, social and …
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Camps are places of refuge for people fleeing conflict and disaster, but they can be dangerous, especially for women and girls. In their first months, many camps rely on communal sanitation facilities – a quick and cost-effective way of meeting immediate needs and minimizing public health risks until a better solution can be developed.
In 2016, the Humanitarian Innovation Fund (HIF) set up a …
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Cox’s Bazar is a fast-growing city, which is 402 km away from Dhaka city and it is well connected with road, and airways. It is bounded by the Bakkhali River in the north and east and by the Bay of Bengal in the west. Cox’s Bazar Municipality was established in 1869. it was upgraded to class A municipality in 1972. Cox’s Bazar is one of the 53 municipalities in the country.According to the …
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Kalihati Municipality is situated within the Kalihati Sub-District (Upazila) in Tangail District (Zila), which is under Dhaka Division. The geographical coordinates of Kalihati are latitudes 24⁰16' N and 24⁰ 25' N and longitudes 89⁰ 85' E and 90⁰ 05' E. Its northern and western boundaries are formed by the upazilas of Bhuapur and Ghatail, the southern and eastern boundaries by the …
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Sreepur Municipality is located in the Sreepur Upazila of Gazipur District under Dhaka Division. It is approximately 25 kilometres from the District town and in the southeastern portion of the Gazipur District. The geographical coordinates of Sreepur are between 24°10' and 24°14’ N and 90°23' and 90°29'" E . It is bordered on the north by the upazilas of Bhaluka and Gaffargaon, on the …
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Sonargaon is one of the ancient capitals of Bengal and served as the administrative centre of eastern Bengal. It is located in the Sonargaon Upazila of the Narayanganj District within the Dhaka Division. The geographical coordinates of Sonargaon are 23°38' N and 90°35' E . Its northern and western boundaries are defined by Araihazar and Rupganj upazilas, its southern and eastern boundaries by …
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Singair Municipality is situated within the Singair Sub-District (Upazila) in Manikganj District (Zila), which is under Dhaka Division. The geographical coordinates of Singair are between latitudes 23°44' N and 23°52' N and longitudes 90°04' E and 90°16' E. The municipality is bounded on the north by Talebpur union, on the south by Charigram and Sayasta union, on the east by Joymontop union, …
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Paikgachha Municipality is situated within the Paikgachha Upazila of the Khulna District in the Division of Khulna. The geographical coordinates of Paikgachha are 22°35'20.04"N and 89°20'9.96"E . Paikgachha Municipality is situated in the Khulna District. Its northern and southern boundaries are Tala and Dumuria Upazilas, its southern and eastern boundaries are Batiaghata and Dacope Upazilas, …
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In the south of the nation, in the Galachipa Upazila, lives Galachipa, a municipality from the Patuakhali area, under the Barishal Division. The geographical coordinates of Galachipa are 22°09'50.04"N and 90° 25' 50.16" E . Galachipa Municipality is situated in the Patuakhali District. The district is bordered on the north by Barisal, the east by Bhola District, the south by the Gulf of …
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Bauphal Municipality is situated within the Bauphal Sub-District (Upazila) in Patuakhali District (Zila), which is under Barishal Division. Bauphal became Upazila in 1983 Paurashava in 2001. The geographical coordinates of Bauphal are 22° 24' 59.7" N and 90° 33' 04.0" E . The municipality is situated 38.1 km northeast from Patuakhali and 240 km southwest from Dhaka. It is bordered by the …
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WoMena Uganda in collaboration with several partners (Marie Stopes Uganda, Welthungerhilfe, private pharmacies, Ruby Life, and HUE Experiential) conducted the Menstrual Cup Market Accessibility Project in Uganda to integrate menstrual cup (MC) distribution and 6 payment models into service delivery and evaluate the models in terms of effectiveness and feasibility. Results indicate that the most …
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Kaliakair Municipality is situated within the Kaliakair Sub-District (Upazila) in Gazipur District (Zila), which is under Dhaka Division. The geographical coordinates of Kaliakair are 24° 4' 10.03'' N and 90° 13' 19.64'' E . It is bordered on the north by the Upazilas of Mirzapur and Sakhipur, on the south by the Upazilas of Savar and Dhamrai, on the east by the Upazilas of Gazipur Sadar and …
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Malangwa Municipality is in Sarlahi District, Madhesh province of Nepal. It has a total of 12 wards and covers an area of 30.44 square kilometres. The municipality was established in 2 March, 1987. It is bounded by Brahmapuri rural Municipality and Sonbarsa region of India in the east, Chakarghatta, Kaudena and Bishnu rural Municipalities in the west, Kabilasi Municipality in the north and …
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Jaleshwar Municipality is in Mahottari District, Madhesh Province of Nepal. It has a total of 12 wards and covers an area of 44.72 square kilometres. It shares its boundary with Mahottari District and Pipra Rural Municipality in the north, Sitamadi District of neighboring country India in the south, Matihani Rural Municipality in the east and Ekdara Rural Municipality in the west. According to …
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A análise comparativa entre os municípios de Caçador, Videira e Concórdia, em Santa Catarina, no Brasil, e Sault Ste. Marie, Thunder Bay, North Bay, Chatham-Kent, Woodstock e Kenora, em Ontário, no Canadá possibilita a identificação de diferenças e semelhanças nos sistemas de saneamento, compreensão dos desafios e oportunidades e, consequentemente, embasamento para políticas públicas …
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In Uganda approximately 86% of South Sudanese refugee arrivals are women and children (UNHCR, 2017a). Globally, girls and women often lack the ability to manage their menstruation with dignity due to lack of adequate and private facilities, safe, acceptable and accessible menstrual health products and knowledge, which can be further exacerbated during conflict and displacement. Menstrual health …
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Both in the area of sexual and reproductive health and in development cooperation projects, the issue of menstruation has long been neglected. Recently, the combination of menstrual health and improvements in education has gained popularity. In particular, NGOs and corporate social responsibility departments in companies producing and selling menstrual products are showing increased commitment. …
