FSM2, Durban, South Africa, October 2012

The second conference on developments in Faecal Sludge Management took place in Durban, South Africa. The excellent response to the call for papers resulted in a programme featuring speakers from around the globe, confirming that there is much experience and knowledge to be shared in this critical area. The Second International Faecal Sludge Management conference (FSM2) was structured around the following themes:

- On-site Sanitation as a Business

- Socio-political Aspects of On-site Sanitation
- Understanding On-site Sanitation
- Toilet Design for FSM Optimisation
- Pit Emptying – What are the Options?
- The How of Faecal Sludge Treatment
- Waste Not Want Not - Beneficial Use of Faecal Sludges
- Technology and Innovation
- Health Aspects of Faecal Sludges

Conference report

The conference papers are available in the SuSanA library.

Feedback from participants can be found on the SuSanA discussion forum.

More information on the conference can be found at the event organiser Partners in Development (PID) website.

The available FSM2 conference presentations in PDF can be downloaded below.

Impressions of the conference and technical tours

Technical tours photos
Technical tours description

Further photos from the conference and technical tours will be added as soon as they become available

Monday, 29 October 2012 (DAY 1)
Opening Session. Chair: Dhesigen Naidoo
Welcome. Dhesigen Naidoo, CEO, Water Research Commission of South Africa presentation I link to presentation video
Durban - Looking beyond conventional sanitation solutions: Neil Macleod, Head, Ethekwini Water and Sanitation (City of Durban) Link to presentation video I Link to video interview
An overview of the FSM work of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Doulaye Koné, Senior Programme Officer, Global Development, BMGF presentation I link to presentation video
Reflections on business models and technology designs for pit emptying services. Steve Sugden, Water for People/London School of Tropical Health and Hygiene presentation I link to presentation video

Session A1 Chair: Kevin Wall	Session B1 Chair: Stephen Mecca	Session C1 Chair: Elisabeth von Muench
Challenge critical: Absence of FSM shatters the gains of improved sanitation coverage in Bangladesh WaterAid Bangladesh Aftab, Opel presentation	Simulating nutrient and energy fluxes in non-networked sanitation systems University College London UK Campos, Luiza presentation presentation video	An overview of FSM research in Durban University of KwaZulu-Natal South Africa Buckley, Chris presentation
Indonesia: Development of urban septage management models Water&Sanitation Programme: World Bank Indonesia Blackett, Isabel presentation presentation video	The sustainable sanitation design concept for sludge treatment for cities in Africa Sustainable Sanitation Design Norway Gjefle, Karsten presentation presentation video	How fast do pits fill up? Empirical evidence and mathematical models University of KwaZulu-Natal South Africa Foxon, Kitty presentation
Business Model Innovations for Scaling-up FSM Businesses in Low and Middle-income Countries EAWAG-SANDEC Switzerland Schoebitz, Lars presentation	Vacuum source-separation ecosan and decentralized wastewater management in China Chinese Academy of Sciences China Fan, Bin presentation unavailable	Accumulation rates of thickenedbottom sludge and its characteristics from water-based onsite sanitation systems in Thailand Asian Institute of Technology Thailand Koottatep, Thammarat presentation presentation video
Impact of prices and tariffs on FSM in Africa WSA Burkina Faso Yofé, JeanMarc presentation	Investing in people – using human shit and urine as organic fertilizer, energy saver and for economic development in vulnerable communities of Nepal Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project in Western Nepal Goudel, Chhabi Lal presentation	Pour flush – a new sanitation paradigm in Africa, and implications for FSM WRC South Africa Bhagwan, Jay presentation

Session A2 Chair: Linda Strande	Session B2 Chair: Alyse Schrecongost	Session C2:Breakaway 2 Chair: Yu-Ling Cheng
Domestic private FS emptying services in Cambodia: between market efficiency and regulation needs for sustainable mgmt University of Toulouse, GRET France Frenoux, Clément presentation	A waterless toilet with electrochemical disinfection and biomass combustion Duke University USA Mazibuko, Mandisa presentation presentation video	Superhydrophobic materials for FSM University of Rochester USA Guo, Chunlei presentation unavailable presentation video
Best practices in Faecal sludge management – lessons learned from four case studies in the Philippines RTI International USA Robbins, David presentation	Sanitation of faecal sludge by ammonia Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Sweden Vinnerås, Björn presentation	Breathable membrane enclosures for faecal sludge stabilization University of Delaware USA Dentel, Steven presentation presentation video
The informal sector in faecal sludge management – a perspective from India Biome Environmental Trust India Srikantaiah, Vishwanath presentation	The disinfection of latrine faecal sludge with ammonia naturally present in excreta University of California, Berkeley USA Ogunyoku, Temitope presentation presentation video	The nano membrane toilet Cranfield University UK Parker, Alison presentation presentation video

Session A3 Chair: Stephen Sugden	Session B3 Chair: Marc Deshusses	Session C3 Chair: Oliver Ive
The Uniloo approach to sanitation in Kumasi, Ghana Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor (WSUP) UK Narracott, Andy presentation presentation video	Metabolic engineering of microbial platforms to convert anaerobic digestion wastes to biofuel Washington University USA Tang, Yinjie presentation presentation video	The potential of treating human faeces with black soldier fly larvae Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Sweden Lalander, Cecilia presentation
Financially and culturally sustainable applications of Loowatt technology in Antananarivo, Madagascar – early feedback Loowatt UK Purves, Iain presentation presentation video	Treatment of faeces by viscous heating Oklahoma State University USA Foutch, Gary presentation presentation video	Diversion for safe sanitation: a new approach to sanitation in informal settlements EAWAG Switzerland Larsen, Tove www.eawag.ch/rttc presentation video
Reinventing the toilet – a simple, inexpensive solution- multi-use collection bag Laam Science, Inc USA Schneider, Josef presentation presentation video	The proposal of plasma gasification for an off the grid sanitation solution Delft University Netherlands Talsma, Laura presentation presentation video	The earth auger toilet: Innovation in waterless sanitation Fundación In Terris Ecuador Fioravanti, Marcos presentation presentation video
Tuesday, October 30 (DAY 2)
Plenary Session (P2). Chair: Doulaye Kone
Managing Your Everyday Shit: Systems Approach for Faecal Sludge Management Linda Strande, Programme Leader of Excreta and Wastewater Management, EAWAG/SANDEC presentation
Evolution of a regional wastewater management system: matching decisions to capacity Pam Elardo, Director, Wastewater Treatment Division, Seattle presentation I link to video interview
Living without Sanitary Sewers in Latin America Glenn Pearce-Oroz, Regional Team Leader, World Bank - Water and Sanitation Program, Peru presentation
Health and exposure assessments as tools for faecal sludge management Thor-Axel Stenström, Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control presentation Evaluating solutions to improve access to WASH for the urban poor Laura Costica, Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL) presentation

Session A4 Chair: Valerie Naidoo	Session B4 Chair: Tove Larsen	Session C4 Chair: Bjorn Vinneras
Solar-powered approaches to human wastewater and sludge treatment California Institute of Technology, USA Cid, Clément presentation presentation video	Urine fertilizer for vegetable production – a case study in Nepal University of Eastern Finland Finland Pradhan, Surendra presentation	Resource recovery from faecal sludge – an elemental approach Columbia University USA Chandran, Kartik presentation presentation video
Solar-driven thermal toilet with biochar production University of Colorado USA Summers, Scott presentation presentation video	VUNA: Nutrient harvesting from urine EAWAG Switzerland Udert, Kai www.vuna.ch presentation video	Enhanced anaerobic digestion as a sanitation and energy recovery technology San Diego State University USA Garoma, Temesgen presentation presentation video
Faecal sludge disposal in situ- a solar toilet solution for dry countries/sunny zone Beijing Sunnybreeze Technologies China Ning, Jing (Cancelled – speakers could not attend)	Individuals’ perception & the potential of urine in agriculture in eThekwini, South Africa University of KwaZulu-Natal South Africa Benoit, Natalie presentation	Effective sewage sanitation with low CO2 footprint Duke University USA Deshusses, Marc presentation presentation video
Inactivation of helminth in a solar concentrator Sanivation, Georgia Institute of Technology USA Woods, Emily presentation presentation video	Incentivising sanitation through urine collection NADEL Switzerland Tilley, Elizabeth www.vuna.ch presentation video	Self-mixing biogas generator Frontier Environmental Technology USA Canter, Tim presentation presentation video
A unit operations approach for rapid disinfection of human waste based on drying/smoldering of solid and sand filtration/uv disinfection of liquid waste University of Toronto Canada Cheng, Yu-ling presentation presentation video	Management of FS from a mobile communal sanitation facility – a case study of the MobiSan Cape Peninsula University of Technology South Africa Muanda, Christophe presentation	Conversion of faecal sludge to liquid fuels. Why and how could it work for small-scale applications Alianza para la Innovación en Integridad de Infraestructura y Ductos Mexico de Silva Muñoz, Leonardo presentation presentation video

Session A5 Chair: Gary Foutch	Session B5 Chair: V. Baghiratan	Session C5 Chair: Kartik Chandran
Vortex bioreactors for the processing of FS and waste water in decentralized waste water Plymouth Marine Laboratory UK Allen, Mike presentation unavailable presentation video	Experiments on struvite precipitation, application and economic analysis in Arba Minch, Ethiopia Arba Minch University Ethiopia Dalecha, Teshale presentation	Highly efficient microbe-mediated energy harvesting from wastewater through nanomaterial decorated three-dimensional multi-length scale porous matrix electrode Texas A&M University USA Han, Arum presentation presentation video
NEWgenerator^TM membrane biotechnology for the recovery of nutrients, energy and water from human wastes University of South Florida USA Yeh, Daniel presentation presentation video	Nutrient recovery from urine: operation and optimization of reactors in eThekwini University of KwaZulu-Natal South Africa Grau, Maximilian www.vuna.ch presentation video	Decentralized organic and nitrogen removal from domestic waste in rural Ghana with a microbial fuel cell Arizona State University USA Rogers, Brad presentation
Research on self-sustained e toilet for households /urban-semi urban public / community sanitation Eram Scientific Solutions India Baby, Bincy presentation presentation video	Model-based performance evaluation of the collection of source-separated urine EAWAG Switzerland Hug, Thomas www.vuna.ch presentation video	Energy production and sanitation improvement using microbial fuel cells University of the West of England and Universiity of Bristol UK Ieropoulos, Ioannis presentation presentation video

Session A6 Chair: Thammaret Koottatep	Session B6 Chair: Elizabeth Tilley	Session C6 Chair: John Harrison
The microflush/biofil system: results to date of prototype installations in Ghana Providence College USA Mecca, Stephen presentation presentation video	Pit emptying and public health Partners in Development South Africa Louton, Bobbie presentation	Ethics and FSM in Africa WSA Burkina Faso Ujah, Oliver presentation
Floating treatment pods for lake communities Wetlands Work! Conservation Int’l Cambodia Chakraborty, Irina presentation presentation video	Using senecio lyratipartitus extracts as hand disinfectants after anal ablution University of Eastern Africa Kenya Maradufu, Asafu presentation presentation video	The CLARA project – capacitylinked water supply and sanitation improvement for Africa's periurban and rural areas Water Research Commission South Africa Naidoo, Valerie presentation
Five-toilet composting system array in peri-urban slums in Haiti - a report on progress Salt Lake City USA Larsen, Andrew presentation presentation video	Sanitation Safety Plans for Safe Management of Faecal Sludge Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Switzerland Cissé, Guéladio presentation	Accelerating learning in sustainable sanitation GIZ Germany von Münch, Elisabeth presentation
Wednesday, October 31 (DAY 3)
Session A7 Chair: Nick Alcock	Session B7 Chair: Kitty Foxon	Session C7 Chair: Isabel Blackett
Thermophilic co-composting of human wastes from urine diversion toilets in Haiti Sustainable Organic Integrated Livelihoods Haiti Preneta, Nick presentation	A toilet system based on hydrothermal carbonization University of Loughborough UK Martin, Simon presentation presentation video	In search of the ideal pit emptying technology Partners in Development South Africa Still, David presentation
Co-composting of faecal matter with bio-char Hamburg University of Technology Germany Bulbo, Mammo presentation	Thermal processing of solid waste to biochar in urban settings The Climate Foundation USA von Herzen, Brian presentation presentation video	Pit emptying in eThekwini (Durban) eThekwini Municipality South Africa Wilson, Dave presentation
Fortified excreta pellets for agriculture International Water Management Institute Ghana Nikiema, Josiane presentation presentation video	Human excreta to energy and biochar in urban Kenya re:char USA Aramburu, Jason presentation unavailable	Social franchising principles do work: The business approach to removal and disposal of faecal sludge - from pilot to scale Council for Scientific and Industrial Research South Africa Wall, Kevin presentation
Towards sustainable pit latrine management in South Africa through the LaDePa pelletising machine eThekwini Water and Sanitation South Africa Harrison, John presentation	Reinventing the toilet at UKZN and Properties of Faecal Sludge University of KwaZulu-Natal South Africa Cottingham, Ruth presentation presentation video Velkushanova, Tina presentation presentation video	Demonstrating the effectiveness of social franchising principles: the emptying of household VIPs Impilo Yabantu South Africa Ive, Oliver presentation

Session A8 Chair: Dave Wilson	Session B8 Chair: Tina Velkushanova	Session C8 Chair: Peter Hawkins
Beneficial use of faecal sludge through deep row entrenchment Partners in Development South Africa Still, Dave presentation	Faecal sludge management of decentralised treatment systems in Zambia Devolution Trust Fund Zambia Mulenga, Jackson and Blume, Steffen presentation	Financial viability of faecal sludge collection and transport operators in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso SANDEC-EAWAG Switzerland Tchonda, Tetouehaki presentation
Assessing pollution risk from buried sludge University of KwaZulu-Natal South Africa Lorentz, Simon presentation	Pilot project on FSM in Lusaka, Zambia Water and Sanitation Association of Zambia (WASAZA) Zambia Kellner, Christopher presentation	Building blocks for effective FSM in peri-urban areas: the role of Small- Scale Independent Providers (SSIP) in Maputo Water and Sanitation Programme, World Bank Mozambique Muximpua, Odete presentation
Dealing with the rural sanitation backlog in the Chris Hani District Municipality – a case study Viv Mostert and Associates South Africa Mostert, Viv presentation	From Waste to Resource - Research on FS Drying Beds in Dakar, Senegal (DAR - De Dechets à Resources) University of Dakar / SANDEC Senegal Niang, Seydou presentation	Hygenic pit emptying with low cost auger pump North Carolina State University USA de los Reyes, Francis presentation presentation video
Direct mode solar sludge drier Water for People Malawi Magoya, Joseph presentation	Market demand for FS treatment endproducts in Kampala, Accra, and Dakar Makerere University / SANDEC Uganda Semiyaga, Swaib presentation	Physical characterisation of pit latrine sludge Mott MacDonald UK Radford, Jamie presentation
Fuel Potential of Faecal Sludge - Calorific Value Results from Uganda, Ghana, and Senegal Makerere University / SANDEC Kampala Nakato, Teddy presentation	Choosing an appropriate sanitation system for citywide sanitation for small towns in India University Ahmedabad India Chawla, Chandan presentation	Working small sanitation enterprise for FSM in peri-urban Maputo: the experience of WSUP Water and Sanitation for the Urban Poor Mozambique Baghiratan, Baghi presentation

Plenary Session (P3). Chair: Chris Buckley
Panel Discussion. So what’s new? What might FSM look like in 2050? This topic will be introduced by the keynote speakers and then opened up to the floor
Closing Address. Jay Bhagwan, Research Manager, Water Research Commission
Thursday, November 1 (DAY 4) - Technical Tours
LaDePa (Latrine Dehydration and Pasteurisation plant) – pelletising of pit sludge (photos)
Pit emptying in eThekwini (photos)
Struvite generation from urine plant at the University of KwaZulu Natal
The Newlands/kwaMashu permaculture centre and ABR research facility (factsheet)
eThekwini’s informal settlement sanitation provision programme Program available here In addition to the following organisantions that contributed and supported the FSM2: Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Conrite Walls (Pty) Ltd, Department of Science and Technology, Envirosan Sanitation Solutions cc, eThekwini Metrolpolitan Municipality, International Water Association, Irish Aid - Government of Ireland, San Africa Precast (Pty) Ltd, University of KwaZulu Natal, Water and Sanitation for All in Africa (WSA) and Water Research Comission (WRC); special thanks should go to the event organiser Partners in Development (PID). In case you have questions or comments regarding the conference, please refer to the WRC, Cette adresse email est protégée contre les robots des spammeurs, vous devez activer Javascript pour la voir. . In case you have questions or comments regarding this webpage, please refer to the SuSanA Secretariat, Cette adresse email est protégée contre les robots des spammeurs, vous devez activer Javascript pour la voir. .

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Ressources pour:

Impressions of the conference and technical tours

Monday, 29 October 2012 (DAY 1)

Tuesday, October 30 (DAY 2)

Wednesday, October 31 (DAY 3)

Thursday, November 1 (DAY 4) - Technical Tours