National Water Supply and Sanitation Council (NWASC) (2018) Urban Onsite Sanitation and Faecal Sludge Management Framework for Provision and Regulation in Zambia

After decades promoting sanitation in low and middle-income countries, several countries and the global sanitation community have come to realise that it is time to rethink the approach to accelerating access to quality services. Since 2000, the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) has consistently reported that the share of the population in low and middle-income countries that use pit latrines, […]

Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, Government of India (2021) Ensuring Safety of Sanitation Workers A Ready Reckoner for Urban Local Bodies

Sanitation workers have been the foundation of the sanitation improvement story of urban India. Sanitation sector and various services provided under it are hazardous in nature — some are moderately hazardous while many of them are extremely hazardous. The working environment puts sanitation workers to a wide range of health risks and diseases due to exposure to harmful pathogens, chemicals and sharp objects. Consequently, there […]

Working Committee formed by the Local Government Division, Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives (2017) Institutional and Regulatory Framework for Faecal Sludge Management (IRF-FSM)

In Bangladesh, on-site sanitation is prevalent throughout the country except for a small portion in Dhaka city, and the huge quantity of faecal sludge generated in septic tanks and pits (of pit/ pour-flush latrines) is inaptly managed. Lack of Faecal Sludge Management (FSM) services is causing severe environmental pollution, particularly in urban areas, affecting both public health and economy. Apart from Dhaka North and Dhaka […]

Kampala Capital City Authority (2020) Sewerage and FSM Ordinance

Government of Odisha Housing and Urban Development Department (0) Scheme for Safety and Dignity of Core Sanitation Workers

This Scheme is introduced to ensure that core sanitation services undertaken in urban areas of Odisha is done in a safe and dignified manner and shall come into force from the date of its notification and continue until further orders The Scheme will be implemented by the Housing & Urban Development Department through the 114 Urban Local Bodies of Odisha.

Govt. of Bihar (2018) Guidelines for Faecal Sludge and Septage Management in Bihar

According to Census 2011, Bihar reported 11.67 million urban population i.e. 11.25% of total population of state, dwelling in 199 urban centers (which accounts 3.14% of total urban population of country). The state has 143 statutory towns and 56 census towns. The state has 143 urban local bodies(ULBs) including 12 Municipal Corporation (Nagar Nigam), 46 Nagar Palika Parishad and 85 Nagar Panchayat. State ULBs with […]

 (2021) Safaimitra Suraksha Challenge

Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO) (2020) Guidance Document on Equipment & Workforce Norms for Managing Waterborne Sanitation in India

This Guidance Document on Equipment & Workforce Norms for Managing Waterborne Sanitation in India is prepared keeping in view the Safai-mitra Suraksha Challenge, 2021. All sanitary structures like sewer and septic tanks which manage sewage are susceptible to getting choked at some point of time due to ingress and settling of solids and require regular cleaning or maintenance. Cleaning of sewer and septic tank sometimes require […]

Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO) (2020) Advisory on On-Site and Off-Site Sewage Management Practices

The fast pace of urbanization – primarily due to the quest for good quality education, healthcare facilities, job opportunities, rapid changes in lifestyle and growing aspirations in urban areas– coupled with spurt in economic activities has compounded the sanitation challenges in urban areas, as creation of sanitation infrastructure could not keep pace with urbanization. India is signatory to SDGs requiring sustainable sanitation for all by […]

Government of India Ministry of Urban Development (2017) National Policy on Faecal Sludge and Septage Management (FSSM)

According to Census 2011, India’s urban population is 377 million or 31% of the total population, which is expected to increase to 600 million by 2031. The Census 2011 also showed that in 4,041 statutory towns, 7.90 million households (HHs) do not have access to toilets and defecate in the opena1. Under the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), it is envisaged that nearly 80% of these […]

 (2013) The Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and Their Rehabilitation Act, 2013

An Act to provide for the prohibition of employment as manual scavengers, rehabilitation of manual scavengers and their families, and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.

CWAS (2020) Improving Safety of Sanitation Workers in Wai Municipal Council

In 2018, Wai was chosen as one of the eight cities across the globe for the City Wide Inclusive Sanitation Program (CWIS) funded by Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF). The municipal council of Wai (WMC) with support from Center of Water and Sanitation (CWAS), CRDF, CEPT University (CEPT) is aiming to implement the CWIS goals and principles in Wai. Under the CWIS framework, one of the […]

Nikiema, J; Impraim, R; Cofie, O; Nartey, E; Jayathilake, N; Thiel, F; Drechsel, P (2020) Training Manual for Fecal Sludge-based Compost Production and Application

Fecal sludge (FS) from on-site sanitation systems has to be well composted to reduce its pathogenic risk for reuse in agriculture, forestry or landscaping. Over the last decade, the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) has explored the use of FS in combination with other organic waste sources to optimize the FS treatment and composting or co-composting process for the production of a safe organic fertilizer, […]

HSE (0) Information document (ID) on Risks from Sewage Sludge Drying Plants

1 This guidance is issued by the Health and Safety Executive. Following the guidance is not compulsory and you are free to take other action. But if you do follow the guidance you will normally be doing enough to comply with the law. Health and safety inspectors seek to secure compliance with the law and may refer to this guidance as illustrating good practice. 2 This guidance covers thermal […]

HSE (1996) Working with Sewage The health hazards: A guide for employers

Several work activities bring workers into contact with sewage and sewage products. Each year, some workers will suffer from at least one episode of work-related illness. The majority of illnesses are relatively mild cases of gastroenteritis, but potentially fatal diseases, such as leptospirosis (Weil’s disease) and hepatitis, are also reported to HSE. However, there could well be significant under-reporting of cases because there is often failure to recognise […]

HSE (1996) HSE Working with Sewage Guide for Employees

This pocket card contains notes on good practice which are not compulsory but which you may find helpful in considering what you need to do.

Water for People (WfP) (2020) Lubigi Fecal sludge loading bay Standard operating practices

Faecal Sludge Plants (FSPs) require ongoing and appropriate operation and maintenance (O&M) activities in order to ensure long-term functionality. O&M activities are at the interface of the technical, administrative, and institutional frameworks that enable sustained FSPs function. “Operationdz refers to all the activities that are required to ensure that a FSP delivers services as designed, and dz maintenancedz refers to all the activities that ensure […]

PriMove (2020) Safety Manual Of 10 Kld Fecal Sludge Treatment Plant at Kalpetta, Wayanad, Kerala

This Manual is needed for the technical persons to be trained as Operators and helpers at the FSTP site at Waynad. It contains Technical Guidelines for carrying out the works. A series of manuals are made, Operation and maintenance manual and Operator Instruction manual are the others. This Health and Safety Rulebook is presented for the use of all employees of the Faecal Sludge Treatment plant […]

Water UK (2019) Occasional Guidance Note The Classification & Management of Confined Space Entries

The Water Industry is justly proud of the influence that it has had in improving safety standards, not only within its own industry, but in the UK as a whole. The original Occasional Guidance Note (OGN) upon which this revision has been based, was drafted at the request of the Health and Safety Executive and authored under the guidance of Rob Gwyther and Richard Locke as […]

Curriculum Development Unit Technical Education, Vocational and Entrepreneurship Training Authority (TEVETA) (2018) Zambia Qualifications Framework (Zqf) - Syllabus for Skills Award in Vacuum Tanker Operations and Maintenance Chart No. 406

The Technical Education, Vocational and Entrepreneurship Training Authority (TEVETA) is an institution established under TEVETA Act No. 13 of 1998, read together with the Amendment Act No. 11 of 2005. Its functions include, to regulate, coordinate and monitor education, vocational and entrepreneurship training in consultation with stakeholders. TEVETA executes its regulatory function through the provision of services, among others, the development, review and approval of TEVETA […]