Sanitation Library
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The Sanitation Workers Knowledge + Learning Hub is the best source for all current news, trends, articles and updates on sanitation workers rights around the world.
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As the Swachh Bharat Mission of the Government of India expands, solid waste management will have to keep pace. This thematic discussion on the India Chapter of SuSanA examines the readiness of local government institutions, tasked with the job, to effectively plan and implement solid waste management systems.
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Access to safe water and sanitation is essential for unlocking economic development and improving the health and education of all. Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) No. 6 aims to ensure the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all by 2030. Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) also contributes to numerous other goals, including those relating to nutrition, health, …
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Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) relates to how girls and women manage their monthly menstruation and require access to information about menstruation, clean and safe menstrual absorbents, amenities, and facilities such as toilets and water, and waste management to maintain hygiene. MHM in general is poor in India due to a low level of knowledge and many misconceptions about it. In recent …
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Sanitation in India has received national attention for over a decade, especially with the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) making it a political priority. However, due to the lack of appropriate sanitation planning practices, there have been little long-term gains made in urban sanitation beyond the ending of open defaecation. In this paper, we analyse the key barriers to sanitation planning, in …
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According to Census 2011, India’s urban population is 377 million or 31% of the total population, which is expected to increase to 600 million by 2031. The Census 2011 also showed that in 4,041 statutory towns, 7.90 million households (HHs) do not have access to toilets and defecate in the opena1. Under the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), it is envisaged that nearly 80% of these 7.90 million HHs …
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As per the 2011 census, the share of urban population is 31.2% as against 28% of 2001 census of the total
population of the country which is expected to be 50% by 2050. This increase in population has created a
significantly enhanced demand on urban sanitation, inter alia. As per the 2011 Census, 81.4% households
have toilet facilities within their premises. Out of this, 32.7% households have …
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Nehtaur is a small town in Bijnor District, Uttar Pradesh and is located 26 km to East of BijnorNehtaur is a small town in Bijnor District, Uttar Pradesh and is located 26 km to East of Bijnorcity, District Headquarters (Figure 2). According to Census 2011, Nehtaur had a populationof 47,834 residing in 7,438 households (HHs). The population of the city as per SwachhSurvekshan (country wide annual …
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A rapid assessment of sanitation in Urban India using a National SFD brings out the reality of actual situation on ground and also maps the gaps in various stages of the sanitation chain. Given that the next phase of Swachh Bharat Mission is around the corner, it would be worthwhile to extract learning from the Shit Flow Diagram of Urban India, so that interventions can be supported in the areas …
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Nawabganj is a town and a nagar panchayat in Unnao district which is situated between Lucknow and Kanpur in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It belongs to Lucknow Division. It is located 24 Km towards East from District head quarters Unnao. It is a Block head quarter. Nawabganj was established by Nawab Ramzan Ali (Nawab of Sheesh Mahal Estate Lucknow) in 1858. He established Nawabganj between …
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Voices of youth, women, older persons, persons with disabilities, persons living with HIV, transgenders and LGBTIQ, sex workers, manual scavengers, Dalits, Adivasis, farmers, urban shanty dwellers, urban homeless, migrants and refugees. Leave No One behind is the core principle of the SDGs and the 2030 Agenda. A consultation was held in India in late 2019 involving 14 groups identified by Niti …
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This field note provides an overview of the WASH and health financing project that is being implemented in the state of Maharashtra, India – The Ecosystem Approach. The project integrates WASH behaviour change communication (BCC) with rural household microlending programs to drive household water and sanitation access through loans. This initiative aims to establish open defecation free (ODF) …
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Sidhauli is a town and a Nagar Panchayat in Sitapur District in the state of Uttar Pradesh. It is a crowded town situated near Lucknow. The Sidhauli city is divided into 14 wards. The Gomti River flows through the town.
As per Census 2011, Sidhiauli has a population of 24,976 residing in 4,153 households. The population of the city, as per Swachh Survekshan (country wide annual ranking …
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After achieving the target of universal coverage of individual household toilet, Swachh Bharat Mission Gramin is working towards addressing the menace of solid and liquid waste management (SLWM) to ensure clean and healthy villages.
Government of Chhattisgarh has taken a sustainable approach to address solid and liquid waste in the state. SBM-G has adopted decentralized processes for waste …
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As the Swachh Bharat Mission ventures into the second phase of its implementation - moving from ODF to ODF Plus – the Ministry of Jal Shakti released a programme inception film that shows how India will transition its efforts sustain the gains of the first phase and achieve a clean living environment through faecal and plastic waste management. The film has been jointly produced by the WASH and …
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The Odisha Rural Sanitation Policy 2020 provides a framework aligned to the 5T guiding principles (Teamwork, Technology, Transparency, Time leading to Transformation), with an overarching vision of achieving Swachha Odisha, Sustha Odisha. Accordingly, it sets out a course of action towards (i) sustaining toilet access, usage and hygiene practices, and (ii) safe management of solid and liquid …
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The Government of India (GoI) has launched an iniative to strengthen the capacity of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) to ensure the sanitaton gains achieved under the Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) are sustained. The initiative includes ODF status of communites, taking up of an open defecation free plus (ODF Plus) agenda and improving access to safe and secure water supply through the Jal …
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As a first step toward the goal of clean and sanitised villages, the state has issued the Odisha Rural Sanitation Policy in October 2020 that guides and enables sanitation interventions in rural areas over a ten-year horizon. In operationalising the Policy and in line with the objectives of SBM-G Phase II, Dhenkanal district in the state, with support from UNICEF and the Centre for Policy …
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West Bengal has developed a poster that depicts the techniques involved in managing faecal waste and lists the roles and responsibilities of village functionaries in adopting and promoting FSM in the second phase of the Swachh Bharat Mission. In Hindi, this two-page poster provides an overview for the public on FSM.
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Faecal sludge management is essential to consolidate the gains from Swachh Bharat Mission. This is a toolkit in Hindi for practitioners for FSM in rural India. This toolkit in Hindi is a useful toolkit for managing faecal sludge in rural areas. It fills a gap in know-how and is of use to planners and practitioners to improve the management of faecal sludge in rural areas. It will be useful to …
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The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), the flagship sanitation scheme of the Government of
India has revolutionized India’s sanitation landscape. However, there are still gaps which
need to be bridged to sustain and build upon the success realized. This article by the
UNICEF India water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) team highlights why faecal sludge
management is the next practical step to …
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The central questions that this thematic note seeks to address include: What can municipalities learn about creating a conducive enabling environment for faecal sludge management (FSM)? How can engineers create Faecal sludge treatment plant (FSTP) designs that work well on the ground both technically and financially?
The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) has made significant strides in addressing …
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This Field Note describes the development process of designing a Disaster-Resilient Toilet (DRT) which was carried out in the States of Assam and Gujarat in India. Both of these States are affected annually by flooding and cyclones, and they are also both located in earthquake-prone areas. The impact of flooding and cyclones has meant that existing toilets are damaged, often beyond repair, as the …
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14.7% of India’s tribal peoples reside in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Historically these tribal groups have been marginalized, socially and economically restricted, and their access to basic services has been disproportionately lower than that of the wider population. To tackle this inequality and demonstrate how a remote, hard to reach tribal area can benefit from sustained WASH …
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Bithoor or Bithur is a town in Kanpur Nagar District, 23.4 kilometres by road north of the centre of Kanpur city, in Uttar Pradesh, India. Bithoor is situated on the right bank of the Ganga, and is a centre of Hindu pilgrimage. According to Hindu mythology, Bithoor is the birthplace of Lord Ram's sons Luv and Kush. Bithoor is also the centre for Revolt of 1857 as Nana Sahib, a popular freedom …
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Bijnor city is located 12 km west to the bank of River Ganga and 460 km from Lucknow, the state capital of Uttar Pradesh. Bijnor is the district headquarter of Bijnor district. As per Census 2011, Bijnor has a population of 93,297 residing in 17,715 households. The population of the city as per Swachh Survekshan (Country wide annual ranking mechanism for cities with respect to sanitation) …
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This report was compiled as part of the SFD Promotion Initiative project funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF).
Chunar is situated on the banks of River Ganga and River Jargo, in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. City lies in the Vidhyan Range, 42 km from the district headquarters, Mirzapur, and at a distance of 273 km from the state capital, Lucknow. The city gets its name …
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Barwar is a town and a Nagar Panchayat in Lakhimpur Kheri District in the state of Uttar Pradesh It is a crowded town situated near Shahjanhanpur. The Gomti river flows through the town. The town is divided into 11 wards.
As per Census 2011, Barwar has a population of 14,196 residing in 1,229 households. The population of the city as per Swachh Survekshan (Country wide annual ranking mechanism …
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From 14th October to 24th November, 2020, the India Chapter of SuSanA conducted a thematic online discussion and webinar on Operation and Maintenance Opportunities in Rural Community Sanitary Complexes. This was to support efforts of a task force to provide inputs to the Ministry of Jal Shakti, Government of India under Swachh Bharat Mission Phase II. In addition, the Chapter conducted a webinar …
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Noorpur is a small town in Bijnor District, Uttar Pradesh and is located 38 km South-East of Bijnor city, District Headquarters. According to Census 2011 Noorpur has a population of 38,801 residing in 6,324 households (HHs). The population of the city as per Swachh Survekshan (Country wide annual ranking mechanism for cities with respect to sanitation) conducted in 2019 is 43, 500 corresponding …
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Ahraura is situated at a distance of 60km from Mirzapur District, in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. The city lies in the Vidhyan Range, and at a distance of 340 km from the state capital, Lucknow. The population of the city, as per the Census of India, 2011 is 23,094. Population. The density of the city is 6,242 persons per sq.km, which is considerably high, when compared to that of Uttar …
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India faces the twin challenges of having the most number of people in the world defecating in the open and also for the burgeoning crisis of untreated fecal waste that is contaminating our surface and ground water creating an imminent health crisis. The latest Swachhta Stats Report1 shows an encouraging 45% rural sanitation coverage by mid 2015 as against the 31% coverage in 2010 Census. Both …
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The Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS) under the Ministry of Jal Shakti, Government of India, recently brought out the strategy and guidelines for SBM Phase II, 2020-21 to 2024-25 to consolidate gains made in SBM Phase I. While the goal in the first phase was eliminating open defecation by constructing toilets, the goals in the second phase are much more ambitious. The outlay for …
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In October 2019, a group of leading organisations in the sanitation and hygiene (S&H) sector – Plan International, SNV, UNICEF, WaterAid, the World Bank and World Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council (WSSCC) – published a call to action.1 This stressed renewing commitment and stepping up ambitions and investments to rural S&H and called for evidence-based and adaptive …
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Menstruation is a natural, normal biological process experienced by all adolescent girls and women, yet it is not spoken about openly causing unnecessary embarrassment and shame. India’s 113 million adolescent girls are particularly vulnerable at the onset of menarche. At this time they need a safe environment that offers protection and guidance to ensure their basic health, well-being and …
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Sanitation has become a critical issue in the cities today. Ever growing population in the cities
has made it difficult to provide quality service to all its citizens. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM),
the national flagship programme is dedicated to the improvement of sanitation condition in the
country. Ministry is extending technical and financial assistance to ULBs for improving …
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This publication is the follow up of the first and second volume of WASH in Schools best practices by SuSanA partners. This third volume focuses on the topic of monitoring and evaluation (M&E). The aim is to show how digital approaches for M&E can be used to trigger action for improvements in WASH in Schools.
It introduces the WHO/UNICEF JMP core and expanded questions and indicators for …
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The transition to the Sanitation Economy presents a transformational opportunity to ensure a sustainable future for sanitation systems that can provide alternatives to the cost burdened systems of today, towards cost recovery and full of life-improving innovations, business and commercial investment opportunities - that could turn the outlook for SDG 6 around and ensure the resilience of …
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In India, the Government’s Smart Cities Mission launched in 2016 seeks to develop 100 cities across the country making them citizen friendly and sustainable. There is a focus on efficiency, improved public services, goods, spaces, and modernisation of pubic services. At the same time, in 2014 the Government of India launched its Swachh Bharat Mission with the objectives of eliminating open …
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Open defecation (OD), an age-old practice in India, impacts the health of individuals as well as their communities. To tackle the problem, the Government of India launched the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) in 2014, aimed at making the country open-defecation free (ODF) by October 2019 by giving more attention to community-based approaches. However, while such approaches have helped solve the …
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This guideline is a ready reckoner for Urban Local Bodies of Gujarat to achieve Open Defecation Free cities/towns. The document has been prepared based on the National guidelines of Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban).
The document highlights strategies for achieving OD free settlements include but are not limited to:
1. Ensuring adequacy of toilets –individual and public toilets and Effective …
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The document provides a framework to monitor cleanliness in government owned or occupied buildings and derive Sanitation Index for building ratings. This framework is aligned with the Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) guidelines and Ministry of Urban Development’s Service Level Benchmarking (SLB) framework and sanitation rating under the National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP). The document would …
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Empowering Marginalized Groups- Convergence Between SBM and DAY-NULM is a guideline on convergence between Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) and Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana -National Urban Livelihood Mission (DAY-NULM). The guidelines are a ready reckoner for the government functionaries at the national, state and Urban Local Body (ULB) level to bring recognition to sanitation as a major livelihood …
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Community engagement and establishing women-led self help groups in cities across India is at the core of the National Urban Livelihood Mission (NULM). All other components of NULM, namely, self employment, skill training and entrepreneurship development have their roots in social mobilization. In contrast to the rural livelihood mission, where there are several successful community engagement …
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Sanitation has been on the forefront of development agenda in India. The Government of India's Swachh Bharat Mission aims to make the whole country Open Defecation Free by 2019. How cities become ODF and what can other cities learn from ODF cities? This was the aim in organising a two day workshop for city officials from Rajasthan. The workshop also included a visit to an ODF city. It was …
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The second SuSanA India Chapter meeting was held in Panaji, Goa, India on 21 February 2018 - just after the 50th Annual Convention of the Indian Water Works Association (IWWA). The seminar encouraged discussions on urban sanitation challenges, holistic approaches to sanitation as well as financing and monitoring sanitation to accelerate progress on SDGs.
Please find the presentations of the …
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Case study tutorials under the Swachh Bharat Mission of the Government of India.
The Kochi module reflects the best practices on source segregation of waste as exemplified by the Kochi Municipal Corporation. The case study shows how source segregation, composting, stringent legal system coupled with multi-stakeholder participation leads to effective waste managemnet in urban places which are …
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Elimination of open defecation is one of the key components of the Swachh Andhra Mission. In order to achieve open defecation free towns, ensuring adequacy through construction of toilets –individual, community and public toilets and effective operations and maintenance is the strategic approach which the scheme emphasizes. Individual Household Toilet (IHHT) is a major component of the SBM. …
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Under the umbrella of the SuSanA Indian Chapter, the India Sanitation Coalition in partnership with Population Services International (PSI) and SuSanA, held a four-week thematic discussion on India's national rural sanitation programme, the Swachh Bharat Mission‐Gramin (SBM‐G).
Starting point for the discussion were findings from a PSI policy landscape study that reviewed existing …
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The SuSanA India Chapter seminar about the topic towards ODF+ Urban Maharashtra was held in Pune, India on 18 November 2017 during the event SANIVATION’17 around World Toilet Day. Please also find the final report of the conference below.
The context of the seminar was that Maharashtra State Government has recently declared all cities to be open defecation free (ODF). The seminar encouraged …
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Swachh Bharat: Swachh Vidyalaya is the national campaign driving ‘Clean India: Clean Schools’. A key feature of
the campaign is to ensure that every school in India has a set of functioning and well maintained water, sanitation
and hygiene facilities. Water, sanitation and hygiene in schools refers to a combination of technical and human
development components that are necessary to produce …
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This compendium is an initial collection of case studies on sanitation initiatives, and highlights how companies are engaging in the sector and supporting the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) launched by Prime Minister Modi. These interventions show how CSR spends are increasingly being used in sanitation. It is very encouraging to see how these companies have developed thoughtful projects to support …
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The India Sanitation Coalition (ISC) and Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) are pleased to present this report of the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), two and a half years after its launch. This document captures the ideas from ISC partner experiences, as well as e-discussions on the India Chapter of the SuSanA platform. It builds on these with secondary research to present the status of SBM in …
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This report is the outcome of a study which aimed at understanding rural women and girls' age-specific experiences of using and accessing sanitation. The study focussed on the accessibility of latrines and the conditions of sanitation experienced across age, religion, caste, etc. The study objectives were informed by research indicating that women and girls have unique needs, and that these needs …
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Two flagship programmes of Prime Minister Narendra Modi are working at cross-purposes. By 2019, when Swachh Bharat Mission comes to an end, some 30 million septic tanks and pits would have been dug along the Ganga. These tanks and pits would produce 180 Million litres of faecal sludge every day, which will eventually find its way into the Ganga, defeating Namami Gange. It's time the Central, …
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FSM4 was held in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, where the State Government has recently initiated measures to address FSM with regard to policy, regulatory changes, innovative solutions, and pilots. FSM4 focused on innovative and practical solutions that can be scaled up.
Find below in chronological order the keynote presentations during the conference.
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A growing number of countries are showing commitment on sanitation at the highest levels of government. However, to turn this commitment into action, it is necessary to permeate the prioritisation of sanitation throughout the government machinery and to ensure course correction, adapting policy to the blockages and emerging implementation challenges. This research explores these processes in …
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With the implementation of the SuSanA Indian Chapter, disucssions around Sanitation in India are held in a regular period on the SuSanA Forum.
In India, Swachh Bharat Mission has been launched 2nd October 2014 to eradicate open defecation and implement behaviour change across India´s society. The following is a synthesis of the posts published during the discussion about the challenges and …
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With the implementation of the SuSanA Indian Chapter, this TDS was the first with focus on sanitation in India. Since it was launched 2nd October, 2014, Swacch Bharat Mission (SBM) has been one of the Indian government’s flagship programmes to eradicate open defecation and implement behaviour change across India´s society.
The first thematic online discussion of the India Sanitation …
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This impact brochure introduces the reader to the main objectives and interventions of the project and highlights hands-on experiences from the ground. The main focus of this brochure lies on showing the impact of the project SNUSP on people living in cities, institutional processes such as sanitation planning and policy making at national, state and city level.
Finally it provides insights …
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Using government data, this brief reports on trends for SBM Gramin along the following parameters:
•Allocations and expenditures
•Physical progress of toilets built
•Expenditures incurred under Information, Education and Communication (IEC) activities
In addition, this brief reports findings from a fund tracking survey (PAISA) conducted in December 2015. The survey covered close to …
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The National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP), launched in 2008 by Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD), Government of India; is based on the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act (1992), aims to strengthen Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). The overall goal of the policy is to transform urban India into sanitised, healthy and liveable cities and towns. Particular focus is given to improvement of hygienic …
