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The rapidly growing and small floating aquatic plants of the botanical family of Lemnaceae are capable of accumulating nutrients and minerals from wastewater. The latter are finally removed from the system as the plants are harvested from the pond surface. Because of their comparatively high productivity and nutritional value, particularly their high content of valuable protein, they provide an …
New national goals in wastewater treatment in the United States of America place strong emphasis on the use of natural systems and improved biological processes. These goals encourage sewage reuse through agriculture, forestry, and aquaculture (Duffer 1982). However, the cultivation of fish in wastewater has been of interest in the United States for only a short time: from a practical point of …
This Irrigation and Drainage Paper is intended to provide guidance to national planners and decision-makers, agricultural and municipal managers, field engineers and scientists, health and agricultural field workers, wastewater treatment plant operators and farmers. Consequently, it covers a broad range of relevant material, some in considerable depth but some more superficially. It is meant to …
Traditional alternatives have included: lined pit latrines, raised latrines and urine diverting dry toilets (UDDTs). These alternatives might be suitable in addressing the unfavourable ground conditions, but are not necessarily able to address the constraints encountered in the urban environment. For this reason agencies have started to take a closer look at some of the newer container based …
(2008)
A septic tank takes raw sewage in, allows the solids to settle (sludge) and allows the remaining liquid to flow into the surrounding soil by means of a soakaway. Scum on the surface is also prevented from leaving the tank. Microorganisms in the anaerobic environment in the tank digest the sludge and scum. The system consists of several stages, supply to the tank, the tank itself and the soak …
(2013)
A Bio-latrine is low maintenance system comprising a combination of a toilet and a bio-digester unit. It can be constructed using local materials and requires no machinery or fuel input other than human waste. This brief looks at the option of using bio-latrines, an on-site dry toilet technology which generates fertilising materials and fuel from the human excreta.
Research on anaerobic digestion solutions for low - and middle-income countries has shown that there is a wealth of knowledge and experience with small- and medium-scale digesters built in rural areas where manure from a few cattle and some household waste is used as feedstock. However, anaerobic digestion still seems to play a negligible role as a treatment option in urban settings for organic …
Within S(P)EEDKITS, workpackage WP3- “watsan” (water and sanitation) focuses on the development of flexible sanitation solutions suited for emergency cases and on low cost water kits that help to generate, transport and store (potable) water. Focus in both domains is on the easy deployment of the kits. This document reports on the prototypes for the various watsan kits and the outcome of the …
The purpose of this document is to explain the intent and requirements of the Part 503 rule and to assist owner/operators in determining the extent to which their biosolids management operation is covered. To help clarify the intent of the Part 503 rule! this guidance document sometimes uses terms that do not appear in the rule itself and organizes information differently from the rule. For …
The book includes detailed descriptions of all the process steps to be followed during the production of biogas, from the preparation of the suitable substrate to the use of biogas, the end product. Each individual stage is assessed and discussed in depth, taking the different aspects like application and potential into account. Biological, chemical, and engineering processes are detailed in the …
For two decades, solid waste components in World Bank projects have focused on collection of solid wastes, with equipment provided to upgrade operations at existing open dumps. Since early 1990, the private sector has become increasingly being involved in the collection, disposal, and treatment of solid waste and World Bank projects have placed greater priority on implementation of new sanitary …
The Financing Sanitation Paper Series is a unique collection of six articles about different aspects of sustainable financing of sanitation (in emerging markets) - from financial inclusion to private funding and from micro insurance to climate financing. “The essence of public and private funding for sanitation” is the second in a series of six papers on sustainable financing of sanitation.
Unilever believes that business has a role to play in solving the global sanitation crisis that leaves 2.5 billion people without access to improved sanitation. In 2012, Unilever convened the Toilet Board, a group of likeminded companies, NGOs and research professionals, with expertise in sanitation and a desire to take immediate action to address this issue. The Toilet Board aims to foster …
“Human waste” is a term that has traditionally been used to refer only to human excrements, namely fecal material and urine, which are by-products of the human digestive system. When discarded, these materials are colloquially known as human waste. When recycled for agricultural purposes, however, they’re known by various names, including night soil (when applied raw to fields in Asia) and …
Greening innovation and urban agriculture can bring dignity, empowerment and food sovereignty to refugee communities. Simple technologies and waste recovery make these techniques cost effective and adaptable. Both should be central to designing, implementing and sustaining both refugee camps and overcrowded urban areas. This report examines current and potential use of greening innovation and …
The use of a vermifilter containing Eisenia fetida to degrade human faeces in a continuous wet system was explored. This paper aimed to understand the formation of vermicompost within the system, the quality of the effluent produced, and the effect of different bedding matrices. Eight filters were constructed, utilising four different bedding materials: four of these systems were seeded with 400 …
In 2016 the Toilet Board Coalition ran a feasibility study to explore the potential role of sanitation in the circular economy. The following questions were at the centre of our inquiry:
• Are there products or materials of value being upcycled from toilet resources?
• Are there scalable business models to deliver sustainable supply of these products to the market?
• Is there …
The Institute for Fiscal Studies, in collaboration with WASTE, organized the conference “Beyond Development Aid: Sanitation Financing & Revenue Models in Reuse (human) Waste” in The Hague, Netherlands, the 15th of May 2017.
This conference brought together from different parts of the world; academics, practicioners and policymakers with the aim to generate knowledge regarding sanitation …
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