SuSanA publications

Factsheet of Working Group 9a

Gröber, K., Crosweller, D., Schröder, E., Kappauf, L., Surridge, T., Panchal-Segtnan, A., Zurbrügg, C.

2012

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

This factsheet discusses the role of different players in the sanitation sector, such as private businesses, governmental institutions and the non-profit sector with a focus on developing countries. Several project examples illustrate activities that can create revenues for investors and local entrepreneurs but also highlight some of the challenges in delivering sustainable sanitation services to the poor. The key messages of this factsheet are: 1. Experiences worldwide show that sanitation can be a viable business opportunity, and has the potential to provide multiple benefits to the poor. Market-based approaches seek to address the challenges of financial sustainability and to strengthen the role of the private business sector while empowering local communities and individuals to make their own informed decisions about obtaining sanitation products and services. 2. The challenge is still to identify effective, scalable, and sustainable sanitation solutions with economic potential and to allocate investment capital and funding to implement these solutions on a large scale. 3. The process of identifying these solutions needs to be a collaborative effort between experts in marketing, design and engineering, which can be effectively supported by national and local governmental agencies as well as NGOs with in-depth local knowledge. This factsheet's target audience includes entrepreneurs, policy-makers, researchers and programme managers. It should be read together with the SuSanA factsheet on “Public awareness raising and sanitation marketing”. Both factsheets are products of the SuSanA Working Group 9 on sanitation as a business and public awareness.

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Factsheet of Working Group 1

Spuhler, D., McCreary, C., Fogde, M., Jenssen, P. D.

2012

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

This factsheet provides an overview on basic principles of capacity development and addresses current challenges and gaps in capacity development for sustainable sanitation, as well as possible strategies and instruments to address those. Furthermore it contains a list of examples and contact details of capacity development initiatives from the sector. The factsheet is intended for individuals who require or are engaged with capacity development for sustainable sanitation. The key messages are: · Capacity is knowledge, information, and attitude. · Capacity development is the process of unleashing, strengthening, creating, adapting and maintaining capacity over time. It takes place on three levels: individual, organisational and enabling environment. An enabling environment encourages sustainable sanitation thinking and action at local and national levels, which is necessary for policy development. · Capacity development for sustainable sanitation requires cross-sectoral cooperation with individuals and within organisations from health, infrastructure, water, environment, agriculture, education, economic development etc. · It considers the complexity of sanitation systems along the sanitation chain (from the user interface, collection, treatment, reuse and safe disposal of sanitation products), considering all technical, financial, social and institutional aspects. · It is an internal process of change led by communities and nations. · It insists on knowledge sharing and management and involves development, transfer and use of both explicit and tacit (undocumented) knowledge. · It includes a variety of methods: education, professional training, support for documentation of appropriate local infrastructure and sharing knowledge in print, online and multi-media. Last updated: 30 April, 2012

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von Münch, E., Ingle, R. (eds.)

2012

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) and Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Germany

The Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) publishes case studies of sustainable sanitation projects from around the world to demonstrate the wide range of available technologies for sustainable sanitation systems. This case study book only comprises those project examples which are from African countries. The currently existing 25 case studies in Africa are compiled together in this book, with descriptions of well-running projects as well as of less successful projects so that we can learn from past mistakes. Table of contents (sorted by country): Algeria: Greywater treatment in an oasis town Béni Abbès, Béchar Botswana: Rural urine diversion dehydration toilets (after 6 years), Hanahai and Paje villages Burkina Faso: Urban urine diversion dehydration toilets and reuse, Ouagadougou Chad: Household pit latrines with urine diversion, Farchana refugee camp Egypt: Community-managed wastewater treatment system El-Moufty El-Kobra, Kafr El-Sheikh Ethiopia: - Urine-diverting dry toilets at Adama University Adama, Ethiopia (draft) - Fossa alterna for household sanitation, Arba Minch - Greywater tower for peri-urban areas, Arba Minch Ghana: Co-composting of faecal sludge and organic solid waste, Kumasi Kenya: - UDDTs implemented via CBOs and Water Services Trust Fund, Nyanza, Western and other provinces - Public toilet with biogas digester and water kiosk, Naivasha - Urine diversion dehydration toilets for schools, Nyanza, Western and other provinces in Kenya - UDDTs and greywater treatment at secondary school, Nakuru - UDDTs at church and nursery school, Nakuru Mali: Peri-urban urine diversion dehydration toilets (abandoned), Koulikoro Mozambique: Household UDDTs in flood-response resettlement project, Guara-Guara, Sofala province Namibia: Otji-Toilets for peri-urban informal households, Omaruru Rwanda: Urine diversion dehydration toilets in rural schools, Huye and Ngororero Districts

212

von Münch, E., Ingle, R., Mbalo, D., Kappauf, L. (eds.)

2012

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) and GIZ, Germany

This factsheet book is a compilation of 13 thematic factsheets which were produced by the eleven SuSanA working groups. What makes these factsheets special is that they are multi-authored by people from different organisations and by free-lance consultants. The factsheets were developed in a long process involving many discussions and review loops which were mostly carried out in public, e.g. at working group meetings, with the working group mailing lists or, since July 2011, also in the open SuSanA discussion forum (http://forum.susana.org/forum/categories/6-susana-working-groups). They now represent consensus. The SuSanA working groups were established in 2007 in order to cover a variety of different thematic aspects of sanitation and to increase the understanding and knowledge exchange about these aspects. They are a platform for experts and interested individuals to share and exchange their knowledge on specific aspects of sanitation. We invite you to join the pool of experts and contribute to the discussions by joining some of the SuSanA working groups (www.susana.org/working-groups). The target audience for this document includes a wide range of readers who are interested in aspects of sustainable sanitation and their links with other environmental and development topics. Possible readers include practitioners, programme managers, engineers, students, researchers, lecturers, journalists, local government staff members, policy makers and their advisers or entrepreneurs. The emphasis of this document is on developing countries and countries in transition. We thank all the authors and contributors to these factsheets who have often volunteered their own private time, outside of their normal work commitments, to work on this. Table of Contents: Executive Summary WG 1: Capacity development Capacity development for sustainable sanitation Spuhler, D., McCreary, C., Fogde, M., Jenssen, P. WG 2: Finance and economics Financial and economic analysis Parkinson, J., Hutton, G., Pfeiffer, V., Blume, S., Feiereisen, P. WG 3: Renewable energies and climate change Links between sanitation, climate change and renewable energies Ingle, R., Sundberg, C., Wendland, C., Reuter, S., Jurga, I., Olt, C. WG 4: Sanitation systems, technology options, hygiene and health Sanitation systems and technology options Zurbrügg, C., Panesar, A., Rüd, S. WG 5: Food security and productive sanitation systems Productive sanitation and the link to food security Gensch, R., Dagerskog, L., Winker, M., Veenhuizen, R. v., Drechsel, P. WG 6: Cities and planning Planning of sustainable sanitation for cities Luethi, C., Lehn, H., Norström, A., Panesar, A., Rüd, S., Saywell, D., Verhagen, J., Ulrich, L., Ingle, R. WG 7: Community, rural and schools (with gender and social aspects) 7a: Sustainable sanitation for schools Abraham, B., Fogde, M., Münch, E. v., Wendland, C. 7b: Integrating a gender perspective in sustainable sanitation Wendland, C., Dankelman, I., Ruben, C., Kunze, I., Sommer, M., Mbalo, D. WG 8: Emergency and reconstruction situations Sustainable sanitation for emergencies and reconstruction situations Johannessen, A., Patinet, J., Carter, W., Lamb, J. WG 9: Sanitation as a business and public awareness 9a: Sanitation as a business Groeber, K., Crosweller, D., Schroeder, E., Kappauf, L., Surridge, T., Panchal-Segtnan, A., Zurbruegg, C. 9b: Public awareness raising and sanitation marketing Gröber, K., McCreary, C., Panzerbieter, T., Rück, J., Kappauf, L. WG 10: Operation and maintenance Operation and maintenance of sustainable sanitation systems Müllegger, E., Freiberger, F., McConville, J., Samwel, M., Rieck, C., Scott, P., Langergraber, G. WG 11: Groundwater Protection Sustainable sanitation and groundwater protection Nick, A., Foppen, J. W., Kulabako, R., Lo, D., Samwel, M., Wagner, F., Wolf, L. If you spot any errors in this publication or if you want to order a hard copy please e-mail us at susana@giz.de. The individual factsheets and this book are available on the SuSanA website (http://www.susana.org/library). Last updated: 01 November 2012

116

SuSanA

2012

SuSanA Secretariat, located at GIZ, Eschborn, Germany

This standard set of powerpoint slides about SuSanA has been developed by the SuSanA secretariat to provide a more detailed overview of SuSanA and also so that all presenters preparing presentations on SuSanA have a common starting point. The aim of developing this standard set was to give all presentations on SuSanA or the working groups a similar "look and feel" which will further help promote SuSanA. The following subsections are contained in the powerpoint slides 1. Cover slide options 2. Definition of sustainable sanitation 3. The structure and five roles of the SuSanA 4. SuSanA's beginnings and evolution 5. SuSanA partner organisations and partner mapping 6. The five key messages of SuSanA 7. SuSanA online platform: website and social media 8. Annex (World health statistics and key messages from SuSanA working groups) The following are a few tips for new users of this set of powerpoint slides: To change the footer including the date, you will need to go into the slide master and make the changes there. You can use the SuSanA open discussion forum prior and post presentation to prepare discussion points and also bounce ideas around. If you use this template in a presentation please feel free to send the SuSanA secretariat a copy of your presentation. We are always happy to hear from supporters of sustainable sanitation and to share knowledge with the sustainable sanitation community. If you come across any errors please communicate them to the SuSanA secretariat at susana@giz.de. We are providing the slides as a complete set in one file, or - for people with slow internet connection - as 3 parts in separate 3 files (see below). Last updated: 16 September 2012

108

General overview of SuSanA

SuSanA

2012

SuSanA

This flyer gives a general overview of the SuSanA, its objectives, working groups as well as partner organisations. Last updated: 17 January 2012 (Also available in French and Spanish in the SuSanA library)

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SuSanA flyer: General overview of SuSanA

SuSanA

2012

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance

Ce dépliant donne un aperçu général de SuSanA, de ses objectifs, des groupes de travail ainsi que des organisations partenaires. Dernière mise à jour : 17 janvier 2012 (A Spanish and English version is also available in the SuSanA library)

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SuSanA flyer: overview of SuSanA

SuSanA

2012

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance

Este folleto proporciona una visión general de SuSanA, sus objetivos, grupos de trabajo, así como las organizaciones asociadas. Última actualización: 17 de enero de 2012 (English and French versions are also available in the SuSanA library)

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SuSanA

2012

The Join SuSanA poster highlights the benefits and opportunities of being or becoming a SuSanA member: - Learning - Collaboration - Discussion Forum - News - Meetings The poster can be printed in large size (A0 or A1). Please contact the SuSanA Secretariat for a higher resolution version for printing. Version May 2012

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Working groups and SuSanA partners

SuSanA

2012

The SuSanA roll-up display shows the 11 thematic working group and the SuSanA partners. The roll-up poster can be printed in large size (A1 or A0) and used for events or exhibitions. Please contact the SuSanA Secretariat for a higher resolution version for printing. Version May 2012

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Factsheet of Working Group 3

Ingle, R., Sundberg, C., Wendland, C., Reuter, S., Jurga, I., Olt, C.

2012

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

Sustainable sanitation projects can contribute to both climate change mitigation (through energy or nutrient recovery) and to climate change adaptation (through innovative sanitation systems and wastewater management). Measures of renewable energy production consist basically of either biogas production from waste water or biomass production through the use of waste water to grow short rotation plantations for firewood. Biogas can also be used for heat generation while heat exchangers can recover heat energy from wastewater in sewers. Measures of nutrient recovery are primarily based on nitrogen reuse. Adaptation measures in the area of sanitation aim at coping with increasing water scarcity or flooding. By using reuse-oriented sanitation systems with energy, nutrient or wastewater recovery and reuse, anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced (mitigation) as well as people's capacity to cope with climate change impacts can be increased (adaptation). In cases where these measures for reduction of greenhouse gases are achieved in developing countries, the emission allowances can be sold on the international emissions trading market and thus can contribute additional financial benefits. In order to be financially viable, there is a minimum project scale due to fixed transaction costs, with project bundling the minimum scale can be achieved. This factsheet emphasises the need for climate change mitigation and adaptation measures in the area of sanitation. In addition, it provides an overview of the possibilities of using sanitation systems for renewable energy production, nutrient recovery and it explains the financial benefits that emission trading can bring. Last updated: 30 April, 2012

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Factsheet of Working Group 4

Zurbrügg, C., Panesar, A., Rüd, S.

2012

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

To address the great sanitation challenge in developing countries, numerous technological innovations have been developed. But with so many innovations and a wide range of existing technologies for different settings, difficulties with knowledge dissemination hinder informed decision making and the integration of all sanitation elements. This factsheet makes a plea for a sanitation system approach where technologies are categorised based on their “product-process” characteristics and then linked into logical systems using a “Flowstream” concept. Technologies are grouped and used to construct seven logical systems. This method for organising and defining sanitation systems helps facilitate informed decision making and consideration of an integrated approach. By using the sanitation system and its technology configurations from user interface to reuse and disposal, other aspects can now be further highlighted such as the inherent implications for operation and management (O&M), business and management models, service and supply chains, possible involved stakeholders, and finally the associated health risks by exposure of different groups of people to waste products. Such a health risk assessment for different sanitation systems has recently been published by Stenström et al. (2011). Last updated: 30 April, 2012

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Factsheet of Working Group 11

Nick, A., Foppen, J. W., Kulabako, R., Lo, D., Samwel, M., Wagner, F., Wolf, L.

2012

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

Groundwater is a very important resource for human life accounting for nearly 60% of the world’s drinking water supply, while in arid and semi-arid zones this rate may even reach 100%. Groundwater has comparatively low development costs, is a high quality local resource, for which only simple water treatment is necessary, and for small systems requires only simple distribution systems. Groundwater quality and sanitation are often linked as pollution of groundwater from unsafe household sanitation systems through nutrients, pathogens and organic micropollutants (including emerging contaminants) can occur. There are many tools to prevent groundwater pollution: land-use planning plays an important role in protecting areas that are vulnerable by restricting the use of these areas. Water Safety Plans can play a fundamental role for communities to protect groundwater quality. In larger frameworks such as transboundary aquifers, Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) schemes are required to protect recharge areas, even if they are distant from the points of abstraction. Sanitation solutions need to be adapted to the regional conditions in order to be sustainable. Accessible and safe sanitation and good groundwater quality are critical elements for sustained growth in developing countries that require policy and legal support systems to remain effective. This includes developing educational curricula (focussing on groundwater and sanitation) as well as institutional capacity building programmes. Failure to improve general sanitation conditions and thereby contaminating groundwater endangers the economic growth potential of a region. This may impact negatively on the overall economic output due to increasing costs in the health, labour and production sectors. Sanitation and groundwater issues including capacity development need to be addressed on all political levels of government. Last updated: 30 April, 2012

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Factsheet of Working Group 10

Müllegger, E., Freiberger, E., McConville, J., Samwel, M., Rieck, C., Scott, P., Langergraber, G.

2012

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

The aims of this factsheet are to introduce concepts of operation and maintenance (O&M) for sustainable sanitation systems and to give examples of O&M with their strengths and weaknesses. Effective and efficient O&M is crucial for the sustainable implementation and long-term functioning of sanitation systems. However, issues related to O&M services are often neglected in the design and set-up of sanitation systems, and thus non-functioning O&M services are a widespread challenge in particular in developing countries and countries in transition. The guiding principles for the design of sustainable O&M services are: · The level of O&M is closely linked to ownership of a facility and the basic understanding of the technology and its functions. · Every technology that is implemented in a sanitation system chain requires proper O&M to function. · Different technologies at different steps in the sanitation chain need different people and different responsibilities for O&M. · Clearly defined roles and accountabilities as well as appropriate support and training are essential for the management of O&M services. · Institutional responsibilities as well as effective mechanisms for cost recovery are needed to ensure sustainable O&M. To further explain the need for sustainable O&M this factsheet reviews examples of sanitation systems in various settings such as schools, in households, at public toilets, at institutional level in management of sewers etc. In case of decentralised solutions, O&M is the most crucial criterion for selection of a sanitation system during the technology selection process. The factsheet is targeted at practitioners, researchers and policy makers as well as development practitioners who are less familiar with the topic of O&M of sanitation systems.

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Factsheet of Working Group 9b

Gröber, K., McCreary, C., Kappauf, L., Panzerbieter, T., Rück, J.

2012

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

This factsheet highlights the importance of public awareness raising and sanitation marketing to increase the efficiency and sustainability of sanitation improvements. It provides tools and best-practice examples for practitioners, researchers, policy-makers and those who understand the importance of sustainable sanitation and wish to disseminate up to date information. Four key approaches to awareness raising include 1) raising overall public awareness; 2) professional marketing of sanitation to those lacking access; 3) stimulating private sector interest in the sanitation market and 4) advocating to decision makers in the public, private and civil sectors. Most people who have access to functioning sanitation systems are not aware of the poor sanitation in vast regions of the world and fail to understand its significance in socioeconomic development. Taboos surrounding the toilet and human excreta hinder global progress in this field. Therefore a stronger appreciation of the manifold society-wide benefits of sanitation and the challenges of achieving them are required in all countries. This lack of knowledge combined with the toilet’s “dirty image” results in the low priority that users and decision makers alike give to sanitation. To promote safe hygiene practices at the household and community level and to create sustained behavioural change, calls for professional marketing which is a common activity in the commercial sector. An enabling environment requires political responsibility and the will to create a legal framework that furthers sanitation initiatives. Hence, lobbying policy makers with relevant facts and arguments can have significant impact. Only when they grasp the many cross-sectoral and economic gains which sanitation brings, will they allocate resources and create policies and strategies that strengthen public and private capacity to provide and manage sanitation services. The twin fields of awareness raising and sanitation marketing lay the groundwork for successful advocacy and highlight business opportunities in sanitation. These approaches, moreover, make it possible to scale-up and increase the efficiency of current efforts towards improved sanitation for all. Awareness raising aims to achieve the following: · Create public and political awareness · Initiate public and policy discussions · Generate an enabling environment and policy changes that lead to action Sanitation marketing aims to achieve the following: · Tailor product design, availability and price to potential customers · Use communication techniques and media appropriate to the customers’ situation · Engage people in emotional communication to create genuine demand and behaviour change · Offer the target group a choice of products that are appealing, accessible and affordable · Open the market to sanitation business opportunities.

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Factsheet of Working Group 8

Johannessen, A., Patinet, J., Carter, W., Lamb, J.

2012

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

This factsheet addresses current developments, challenges, gaps and solutions in the planning and implementation of sustainable sanitation for emergencies and reconstruction situations focusing on low and middle income countries. It is mainly intended for students, researchers, policy makers and practitioners. Shortcomings of current approaches for emergency prevention and relief include: Insufficient resources invested in sanitation, lack of prioritisation of sustainable solutions, inadequate human resource capacity for urban sanitation in humanitarian agencies and lack of good governance for reducing disaster risks. The last issue particularly impacts the risk reduction potential of countries. To reduce the risk and potential effects of disasters, sanitation solutions need to be robust to buffer against certain challenging environments. In emergency situations, groups with specific needs need to be considered (i.e. children, women, elderly, injured and people with disabilities) and appropriate emergency relief measures for each stage of an emergency situation need to be selected. We recommend the following to the actors in the emergency and reconstruction sectors: · Increase funding for sanitation in emergency and reconstruction situations with regards to software as well as hardware components. · When implementing immediate sanitation solutions, apply those which can be adapted in later phases to become more permanent and sustainable. · Use adequate sanitation options which are robust and can cope with challenging environments. · Build capacity in local entrepreneurship for long-term self-help in the reconstruction phase. · In between emergencies incorporate risk reducing measures in local and urban planning which will prevent and reduce the need for response efforts. · Engage in learning activities and experiment together with other professionals to increase innovation of options. Last updated: 30 April, 2012

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Factsheet of Working Group 7b

Wendland, C., Dankelman, I., Ruben, C., Kunze, I., Sommer, M., Mbalo, D.

2012

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

The overall objective of this factsheet is to provide background information on the needs and methods required to integrate gender perspectives into sustainable sanitation. Access to safe sanitation is a basic human right for all women, men and children. Our objective is to offer guidance to those seeking to incorporate gender into the sanitation sector. Integrating gender in sanitation requires comprehensive information about the gender specific local context provided by assessments such as socio-economic analyses and impact assessments of policies and programmes on females. Project managers should consider a gender balance in project teams and make budget allocations for gender strategies. The involvement of women in leadership and management training programmes and adequate support to enable women to be involved in the operation and maintenance of sanitation facilities needs to be integrated into sanitation projects. Key messages from this factsheet are: · Gender equality is an integral part of sustainable sanitation meaning that the sanitation system should consider the differing needs and should be suitable for women, men and children. · Women are often involved in water, hygiene and sanitation but lack support to deal with these issues· Planning, design and implementation of a sanitation programmes should not be regarded only as a male domain but can and should be equally undertaken by women. · There is a widespread lack of suitable sanitation facilities compounded by a lack of privacy. This increases female vulnerability to violence and impacts their health, wellbeing and dignity. · Data regarding gender needs should be disaggregated to give recognition and acknowledgment to women’s needs and priorities. · There is an unspoken but grave situation in the everyday lives of millions of school girls and women that make it difficult for them to walk freely and in a comfortable manner, to go to the toilet or to manage their menstruation sustainably. · The special needs of menstruating girls and women need to be considered in appropriate sanitation programme designs by providing adequate female hygiene materials, discreet disposal and washing facilities.

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Factsheet of Working Group 7a

Abraham, B., Fogde, M., von Münch, E., Wendland, C.

2012

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

The aims of this factsheet are to: 1. Advocate for sustainable sanitation in schools in developing countries and countries in transition 2. Highlight existing challenges 3. Explore various innovations both in hardware and software using examples from developing countries. 4. Identify the common principles that are needed to achieve the desired outcomes. The guiding principles for successful and sustainable school sanitation are: · Stakeholder involvement in decision making and planning, particularly to ensure children’s participation and good leadership. · Creating demand through stakeholder involvement (demand-driven approaches) and identification of suitable sanitation technologies for local conditions including reuse options in school gardens if possible. · Monitoring outcomes, impacts and processes, including health and hygiene assessments, school attendance and usage of facilities. · Using many channels and different media for sanitation and hygiene advocacy beyond health benefits only (multi-faceted approach) including advocacy through working with local institutions. · Establishment of an enabling environment at policy level with relevant government ministries through the development of guidelines and standards, legislation and enforcement and sufficient budget provision. This document’s target audience includes practitioners, policy-makers, researchers and the general public who would like to learn more about sustainable sanitation in schools.

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Factsheet of Working Group 6

Lüthi, C., Lehn, H., Norström, A., Panesar, A., Rüd, S., Saywell, D., Verhagen, J., Ulrich, L.., Ingle, R.

2012

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

This factsheet deals with the planning of sustainable sanitation for urban and peri-urban areas of developing countries and its importance for achieving comprehensive and inclusive sanitation coverage in cities. The key messages of this factsheet are: · Top-down, supply-driven planning continues to dominate much of sectoral planning in the developing world. The resulting capital-intensive solutions tend to be costly, energy-intensive and inflexible, and often fail to reach large proportions of the urban poor. · Experience has shown that importing sanitation planning models from industrialised countries and implementing centralised “one-size-fits-all” solutions is in many cases inappropriate and not sustainable in developing countries. Thus, planning approaches must be adapted to better allow for the planning and implementation of context-specific sanitation systems. · Recent innovations in sanitation planning include a more integrated planning approach; a greater emphasis on the actual needs and financial capacity of the users, encompassing close consultation with all stakeholders and a systems approach to sanitation, integrating all domains of the city. · There is a lack of integration between the various components of environmental sanitation2 – excreta, domestic and industrial wastewater, solid waste and storm water are managed in separate systems, which are often run by different agencies or institutions. Better use of generated synergies through integrated approaches could lead to more sustainable and costeffective solutions. · Political economy issues: improving sanitation coverage especially for the urban poor means tackling vested interests and corrupt practices of regulatory authorities, the private sector and politicians. Planning must openly deal with these issues and seek to increase incentives for anti-corrupt behaviours and to achieve greater transparency at community and city levels. · Local authorities, utilities and donors have to be convinced that commitment and effective participation from all stakeholders are needed to achieve adequate and inclusive sanitation services. This factsheet elaborates on the shortcomings of supply driven planning and presents three demand-led approaches which recognise that stakeholder involvement is a prerequisite to effective planning. Based on past experiences we propose guiding principles for better sanitation planning in cities of developing countries.

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Factsheet of Working Group 5

Gensch, R., Dagerskog, L., van Veenhuizen, R., Winker, M., Drechsel, P.

2012

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

This factsheet provides information on the link between sanitation and agriculture as well as related implications on health, economy and the environment. It presents examples of treating and using treated excreta and wastewater in a productive way and describes the potential for urban agriculture and resource recovery in rural areas. Institutional and legal aspects, business opportunities and management of associated health risks are also discussed. Productive sanitation is the term used for the variety of sanitation systems that make productive use of the nutrient, organic matter, water and energy content of human excreta and wastewater in agricultural production and aquaculture. These systems should enable the recovery of resources in household wastewater, minimise consumption and pollution of water resources, support the conservation of soil fertility as well as agricultural productivity and thereby ontribute to food security and help to reduce malnutrition. The implementation and scaling-up of productive sanitation systems is inhibited by weak, non-existing and sometimes prohibiting legislation. It is therefore necessary to develop relevant legislation along the sanitation chain taking into consideration the type of crops, occupational health, food hygiene and other preventive and risk management measures. This requires awareness raising, advocacy and behavioural change by all stakeholders. Further applied research is also needed to assess risk management options at the interface between agriculture and sanitation to support policy dialogue at the local and national level.

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Factsheet of Working Group 2

Parkinson, J., Hutton, G., Pfeiffer, V., Blume, S., Feiereisen, P.

2012

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

This factsheet introduces financial and economic costs and benefits in relation to sanitation systems. It provides an overview of analytical approaches for comparing sanitation interventions using financial and economic analyses and illustrates these using results from various studies. The target group of this factsheet includes sanitation practitioners, researchers, policy makers and their advisers. The main focus is to provide a basis for informed choice based on financial decisions concerning the scaling up of sanitation services. Financial and economic analyses are a crucial part of feasibility studies assessing the benefits of improved sanitation and thus feed into policy decisions, sanitation programming and project design. The data generated by financial and economic analyses have major implications for the programming and design of sanitation projects, and are therefore crucial for the planning and delivery of affordable and sustainable sanitation services. In order to assess the relative sustainability of sanitation options, a range if comparative studies need to be conducted to show the real costs and benefits of moving from unimproved to improved and more sustainable sanitation options. A comparison of costs and benefits of different sanitation options using economic and financial analyses provides a justification for investments in sanitation in the first instance and enables decision makers to allocate limited resources more efficiently. Financial analyses only measure the costs and benefits that have direct and measurable financial implications, whereas economic analyses include all broader costs and benefits, including those that do not have financial implications. For instance the costs for premature mortality are economic rather than financial. Capital expenditure (CAPEX), operational expenditure (OPEX) and capital maintenance expenditure (CapManEx) are the key parameters for both the financial and economic assessment of sanitation options. Important tools for financial and economic analysis include the costeffectiveness ratio, Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR), Net Present Value (NPV), or Internal Rate of Return (IRR). Key indicators for setting tariff structures and the assurance of affordability include: i) Full cost of sanitation per capita as a percentage of per capita GDP, ii) Cost of access to sanitation as a percentage of household income, iii) Annual cost of sanitation as a percentage of household income, iv) Long run marginal cost and cost of sanitation services as a percentage of water tariffs. Economic analysis can also be used to assess the cost benefit of investments in sanitation in relation to other types of development interventions. Last updated: 30 April 2012

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Towards more sustainable sanitation solutions - SuSanA Vision Document

SuSanA

2008

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

Lengo kuu la Muungano wa Mashirika tekelezi ya Usafi Himiliki ni kuchangia katika kufanikisha malengo ya milenia kwa kueneza mifumo himiliki ya usafi. Muungano huu unaenzi na kushabikia malengo ya milenia na Mwaka wa Kimataifa wa Usafi kwani hutetea sana hali ya usafi na kuufanya upate kipaumbele katika ajenda za maendeleo. Kazi ya muungano huu ni kuchangia katika utekelezi wa mifumo himiliki ya usafi kwa kiwango kikubwa, kuandaliwa na kufanikishwa kwa programu za maji na usafi mintarafu ya mikakati iliyopendekezwa na WHO, UNDP-PEP, UNSGAB na UNESCO.

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Towards more sustainable sanitation solutions - SuSanA Vision Document

SuSanA

2008

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

A principal meta da rede SuSanA é contribuir para atingir os ODM mediante a promoção de sistemas de saneamento que considerem todos os aspectos de sustentabilidade. Os ODM e o Ano Internacional do Saneamento 2008 são especialmente apreciados pela “Aliança do Saneamento Sustentável”, já que eles contribuem para colocar o saneamento entre as prioridades da agenda política. O enfoque principal do trabalho da “Aliança para o Saneamento Sustentável” será promover a implementação de sistemas de saneamento sustentáveis em programas de água e saneamento em larga escala, alinhados com as estratégias propostas por exemplo pela OMS, PNUDPEP, UNSGAD e UNESCO.

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SuSanA Vision Document

SuSanA

2008

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

The urgency for action in the sanitation sector is obvious, considering the 2.6 billion people worldwide who remain without access to any kind of improved sanitation, and the 2.2 million annual deaths (mostly children under the age of 5) caused mainly by sanitation-related diseases and poor hygienic conditions. Motivated by the UN’s decision to declare 2008 as International Year of Sanitation (IYS), a core group of organisations active in the field of sanitation took the initiative to form a task force to support the IYS. In January 2007, a first meeting resulted in a large number of commitments by the participants from various organisations, and in drawing up a first draft of a “joint road map for the promotion of sustainable sanitation in IYS 2008”. During a second meeting which took place mid April, the goal and the objectives of this global competence network were clarified and the joint road map was reviewed. In order to have a joint label for the planned activities, and to be able to align with other potential initiatives, the group formed the “Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)”.

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Factsheet of Working Group 6

Lüthi, C., Lehn, H., Norström, A., Panesar, A., Rüd, S., Saywell, D., Verhagen, J.

2008

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

Este informe trata do planejamento de saneamento sustentável para áreas urbanas e periurbanas do mundo em desenvolvimento e sua importância para o rápido aumento da cobertura sanitária até 2015. O Ano Internacional do Saneamento da ONU, 2008, ressaltou o crescimento no déficit de instalações sanitárias decorrente da Meta de Desenvolvimento do Milênio que trata de saneamento básico. De acordo com estimativas recentes, partindo de 2001 até 2015, por volta de 400.000 pessoas – a cada dia – deverão ter elevadas suas condições de saneamento a um nível adequado, para poder atingir o Objetivo 10 da Meta 7: “reduzir pela metade, até 2015, a proporção da população sem acesso permanente e sustentável a água potável segura” (ONU, setembro de 2001). Precisamos com urgência dispor de criatividade para a garantia de um melhor planejamento e implementação desse objetivo. A difícil tarefa de melhorar o acesso universal a saneamento é ainda complicada pelo crescente consenso de que abordagens convencionais – banheiros com descarga conectada a centrais de tratamento de esgotos que os despejam em mananciais locais – são econômica e ambientalmente insustentáveis (SuSanA, 2007).

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Five key messages of SuSanA

SuSanA

2009

SuSanA

Este estudo mostra as mensagens-chave ligados ao saneamento sustentável.

4

Thematic paper

Panesar, A., Bracken, P., Kvanström, E., Lehn, H., Lüthi, C., Norström, A., Rüd, S., Saywell, D., Schertenleib, R.

2008

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

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Sustainable sanitation planning - Factsheet of Working Group 6

Lüthi, C., Lehn, H., Norström, A., Panesar, A., Rüd, S., Saywell, D., Verhagen, J.

2008

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

Esta ficha técnica trata la planeación del saneamiento sostenible para áreas urbanas y periurbanas del mundo desarrollado y su importancia para la cobertura sanitaria acelerada hacia el 2015. El Año Internacional del Saneamiento para las Naciones Unidas ha destacado el enorme incremento en número y el uso de instalaciones de saneamiento de acuerdo a la meta ODM sobre saneamiento básico. Conforme a estimados recientes, cerca de 400,000 personas deberán ser provistas de saneamiento adecuado durante el periodo de 2001 a 2015 para lograr la meta 10 del objetivo 7, 'reducir a la mitad para el 2015, la proporción de personas sin acceso sostenible a agua potable y saneamiento básico' (Septiembre 2001, ONU). Urgentemente necesitamos nuevas ideas de planeación e implementación óptimas para llegar a este objetivo. La desalentadora tarea de mejorar el acceso global al saneamiento se complica por el crecimiento de enfoques convencionales – inodoros de descarga hidráulica conectados a plantas centralizadas para el tratamiento de aguas residuales que conducen sus descargas a acueductos locales – son económica y ambientalmente insostenibles.

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Towards more sustainable sanitation solutions - SuSanA Vision Document

SuSanA

2008

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

The overall goal of the SuSanA is to contribute to the achievement of the MDGs by promoting sanitation systems which are taking into consideration all aspects of sustainability. The MDGs and the UN’s “International Year of Sanitation 2008” are highly appreciated by the “Sustainable Sanitation Alliance” as they help push sanitation high up in the political agenda. The main focus of the work of the ”Sustainable Sanitation Alliance” will be to promote the implementation of sustainable sanitation systems in large scale water and sanitation programmes, in line with the strategies proposed e.g. by WHO, UNDP-PEP, UNSGAB and UNESCO.

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Towards more sustainable sanitation solutions - SuSanA Vision Document (Spanish version)

SuSanA

2008

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

La meta principal de SuSanA es contribuir con el logro de los ODM mediante la promoción de sistemas de saneamiento que consideren todos los aspectos de la sustentabilidad. Los ODM y el Año Internacional del Saneamiento 2008 son altamente apreciados por la “Alianza de Saneamiento Sustentable”, ya que ellos contribuyen a empujar al saneamiento entre las prioridades de la agenda política. El enfoque principal del trabajo de la “Alianza de Saneamiento Sustentable” será promover la implementación de sistemas de saneamiento sustentables en programas de agua y saneamiento a gran escala, en línea con las estrategias propuestas p. ej. por la OMS, el PNUD-PEP, UNSGAB y UNESCO.

4

Key messages for sustainable sanitation

SuSanA

2009

Este estudio muestra los mensajes clave relacionados a servicios de saneamiento sostenible.

4

SuSanA Vision Document

SuSanA

2008

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

The overall goal of the SuSanA is to contribute to the achievement of the MDGs by promoting sanitation systems which are taking into consideration all aspects of sustainability. The MDGs and the UN’s “International Year of Sanitation 2008” are highly appreciated by the “Sustainable Sanitation Alliance” as they help push sanitation high up in the political agenda. The main focus of the work of the ”Sustainable Sanitation Alliance” will be to promote the implementation of sustainable sanitation systems in large scale water and sanitation programmes, in line with the strategies proposed e.g. by WHO, UNDP-PEP, UNSGAB and UNESCO.

4

Towards more sustainable sanitation solutions - SuSanA Vision Document

SuSanA

2008

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

Das übergeordnete Ziel von SuSanA ist es, zur Erreichung der MDGs beizutragen, indem diejenigen Sanitärsysteme gefördert werden, die alle Aspekte der Nachhaltigkeit berücksichtigen. Die MDGs und das Internationale Jahr der Sanitärversorgung 2008 wurden von der SuSanA stark begrüßt, da sie helfen, dem Thema Sanitärversorgung auf der politischen Entwicklungsagenda höhere Priorität einzuräumen. Der Schwerpunkt der Arbeit von SuSanA liegt darin, im Einklang mit den von WHO, UNDP-PEP, UNSGAB und UNESCO formulierten Strategien, die Umsetzung von nachhaltigen Sanitärsystemen innerhalb von großflächigen Programmen zur Wasser- und Sanitärversorgung zu fördern.

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SuSanA Vision Document

SuSanA

2008

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

The overall goal of the SuSanA is to contribute to the achievement of the MDGs by promoting sanitation systems which are taking into consideration all aspects of sustainability. The MDGs and the UN’s “International Year of Sanitation 2008” are highly appreciated by the “Sustainable Sanitation Alliance” as they help push sanitation high up in the political agenda. The main focus of the work of the ”Sustainable Sanitation Alliance” will be to promote the implementation of sustainable sanitation systems in large scale water and sanitation programmes, in line with the strategies proposed e.g. by WHO, UNDP-PEP, UNSGAB and UNESCO.

4

SuSanA Vision Document

SuSanA

2008

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

The overall goal of the SuSanA is to contribute to the achievement of the MDGs by promoting sanitation systems which are taking into consideration all aspects of sustainability. The MDGs and the UN’s “International Year of Sanitation 2008” are highly appreciated by the “Sustainable Sanitation Alliance” as they help push sanitation high up in the political agenda. The main focus of the work of the ”Sustainable Sanitation Alliance” will be to promote the implementation of sustainable sanitation systems in large scale water and sanitation programmes, in line with the strategies proposed e.g. by WHO, UNDP-PEP, UNSGAB and UNESCO.

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Draft

Abraham, B.

2011

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

As a follow-up to International Year of Sanitation (2008) and in the effort to attain sanitation and hygiene Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets, Sustainable Sanitation 5 Year Drive to 2015 (5YD) was conceptualized by the United Nation Secretariat Advisory Board (UNSGAB) members. The idea being that, ‘the 5YD is an advocacy vehicle to keep sanitation high on the political agenda, promote national coordination, improve sanitation monitoring while supporting sustainable sanitation solutions – all in all in an effort to meet the sanitation target. The Drive aims to invigorate, galvanize and re-focus international, regional and national activities in the field of sanitation and maintain the momentum through raising awareness and facilitating action. The concept was drafted based on a recommendation made in The UN-Water Global Annual Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking Water (GLAAS) report of 2010. The Five Year Drive was officially adopted by Resolution A/RES/65/153 of the UN General Assembly on December 20, 2010 and now serves as a tool for engaging countries as well as non-state stakeholders for improving access to sanitation worldwide.

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SuSanA Vision Document (Hindi version)

SuSanA

2008

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

The overall goal of the SuSanA is to contribute to the achievement of the MDGs by promoting sanitation systems which are taking into consideration all aspects of sustainability. The MDGs and the UN’s “International Year of Sanitation 2008” are highly appreciated by the “Sustainable Sanitation Alliance” as they help push sanitation high up in the political agenda. The main focus of the work of the ”Sustainable Sanitation Alliance” will be to promote the implementation of sustainable sanitation systems in large scale water and sanitation programmes, in line with the strategies proposed e.g. by WHO, UNDP-PEP, UNSGAB and UNESCO.

4

SuSanA Vision Document (Amharic version)

SuSanA

2008

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

The overall goal of the SuSanA is to contribute to the achievement of the MDGs by promoting sanitation systems which are taking into consideration all aspects of sustainability. The MDGs and the UN’s “International Year of Sanitation 2008” are highly appreciated by the “Sustainable Sanitation Alliance” as they help push sanitation high up in the political agenda. The main focus of the work of the ”Sustainable Sanitation Alliance” will be to promote the implementation of sustainable sanitation systems in large scale water and sanitation programmes, in line with the strategies proposed e.g. by WHO, UNDP-PEP, UNSGAB and UNESCO.

4

SuSanA Vision Document (Japanese version)

SuSanA

2008

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

The overall goal of the SuSanA is to contribute to the achievement of the MDGs by promoting sanitation systems which are taking into consideration all aspects of sustainability. The MDGs and the UN’s “International Year of Sanitation 2008” are highly appreciated by the “Sustainable Sanitation Alliance” as they help push sanitation high up in the political agenda. The main focus of the work of the ”Sustainable Sanitation Alliance” will be to promote the implementation of sustainable sanitation systems in large scale water and sanitation programmes, in line with the strategies proposed e.g. by WHO, UNDP-PEP, UNSGAB and UNESCO.

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Version 1.2 (January 2011)

SuSanA

2011

Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)

In line with the overall SuSanA objectives, this document should contribute to the work surrounding the MDGs by outlining a number of pathways, or stepping-stones, towards more sustainable practices in sanitation. It draws on the work of SuSanA’s thematic working groups and attempts to act as a bridge between the principles and theory of sustainable sanitation (Vision Document) and eventual recommendations for concrete action plans.

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Short overview about SuSanA and its five key messages

Panesar A.

2009

WTS Singapore 02 December 2009

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