Sanitation Library
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The Sanitation Workers Knowledge + Learning Hub is the best source for all current news, trends, articles and updates on sanitation workers rights around the world.
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Sanitation workers provide an essential public service to ensure cleanliness and safety along the sanitation chain. This is key to achieving the ambitious Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6, although poor working conditions, social and economic marginalization, high risk of infection and injury even death, mean it is often at the cost of their dignity, health and life. Strengthening social …
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Sanitation workers encounter significant challenges that jeopardize their dignity and health, crucial for achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Despite their vital role, many governments in low- and middle-income countries neglect support for this workforce due to insufficient understanding of their needs and obstacles.
The paper explores challenges faced by sanitation workers in …
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Sanitation workers provide an essential public service to ensure cleanliness and safety along the sanitation chain. This is key to achieving the ambitious Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6, although poor working conditions, social and economic marginalization, high risk of infection and injury even death, mean it is often at the cost of their dignity, health and life. Strengthening social …
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Shaarada Municipality is situated in Salyan District of Karnali Province in the western region of Nepal. It is divided into 15 wards and covers an area of 198.34 sq. km. It was officially established on May 16, 2014
As per the national population and housing census conducted in 2021, Shaarada Municipality has a total population of 34,663 with 16,388 male and 18,275 female population. It has …
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Janakpurdham Sub-Metropolitan City is situated in Dhanusa District of Madhesh Province in the southern region of Nepal. Formerly, it was established as Janakpur Sub-metropolitan City on 1960. Later on 2014, it was re-named as Janakpurdham and changed the sub-metropolitan city to sub-metropolitan city. It is divided into 25 wards
As per the national population and housing census conducted in …
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Sunwal Municipality is situated in Nawalparasi District of Lumbini Province in the southern region of Nepal. It was established on May 18, 2014 by merging the Village Development Committees (VDCs), Swathi and Sunwal. On March 10, 2017, it was reformed by merging the Ramnagar area and ward 6 of Dhurkot VDC with the already-existing Sunwal Municipality. It is divided into 13 wards.As per the …
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Kolhabi Municipality is situated in Bara District of Madhesh Province in the southern region of Nepal. It is divided into 11 wards and covers an area of 157.40 sq. km. It was restructured by merging the already-existing Kolhabi, Sapahi, Prasauna, Kakadi, Amab, Bachhanpurwa, Rampurwa Village Development Committeees (VDCs) and some wards from VDCs Sinhasani (wards 1 and 2), Haraiya (ward 6), …
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Mirchaiya Municipality is situated in Siraha District of Madhesh Province in the southern region of Nepal. It is divided into twelve wards and covers an area of 91.97 sq. km. It was established on May 18, 2014 by merging the already-existing Village Development Committees (VDCs), Rampur Birta, Malhaniyakhori, Radhopur, Ramnagar, Mirchaiya, Phulbariya, Sitapur Pra. Da., and Madheshpur Gamharia. It …
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Rajbiraj Municipality lies in Saptari District of Madhesh Province, Nepal. It is divided into sixteen wards and covers an area of 55.64 sq. km. It is restructured by merging with Village Development Committees (VDCs) namely (Maleth, Dighwa, Farseth, Bishharia, Deuri Bharuwa) and some wards of VDCs (Haripur-6, Madhyepura 4-7, Boriya 3-7). It lies at 26.5419° N latitude, 86.7567 °E longitude and …
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Mahakali Municipality is in Darchula District of Sudurpaschim Province, Nepal. It is divided into nine wards and covers an area of 135.11 sq. km. It is formed by merging the former headquarters of Darchula district i.e., Khalanga, ward 4 to 17 of Api Municipality and Dattu Village Development Committee (VDC). It lies in the lesser Himalaya region with an elevation of 900 m to 3,100 m above mean …
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Faecal sludge management is the collection, transport, treatment and reuse or disposal of faecal sludge from pit latrines, septic tanks and other on-site sanitation technologies, and is crucial to achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. You can use this guide as a reference document to help create better sanitation programmes, specifically to make sure sanitation is safely managed for …
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The uMshwathi Local Municipality is the largest of the six smaller local municipalities in the uMgungundlovu District Municipality. The local municipality is in an area that was largely under the control of tribal authorities until very recently. There are towns, however, that were built by German immigrants some 150 years ago. The land area of uMshwati LM is approximately 1,866 square kilometres …
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Faecal sludge management in rural areas is a fast emerging as a challenge as most toilets are single pits or containment tanks. The FSM chain, from containment and collection through transportation and treatment followed by safe reuse is very new and tenuous. While SBM II guidelines provide limited approaches, it was felt that a decision-support mechanism was needed. This thematic discussion …
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After decades promoting sanitation in low and middle-income countries, several countries and the global sanitation community have come to realise that it is time to rethink the approach to accelerating access to quality services. Since 2000, the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) has consistently reported that the share of the population in low and …
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In Bangladesh, on-site sanitation is prevalent throughout the country except for a small portion in Dhaka city, and the huge quantity of faecal sludge generated in septic tanks and pits (of pit/ pour-flush latrines) is inaptly managed. Lack of Faecal Sludge Management (FSM) services is causing severe environmental pollution, particularly in urban areas, affecting both public health and economy. …
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According to Census 2011, Bihar reported 11.67 million urban population i.e. 11.25% of total population of state, dwelling in 199 urban centers (which accounts 3.14% of total urban population of country). The state has 143 statutory towns and 56 census towns. The state has 143 urban local bodies(ULBs) including 12 Municipal Corporation (Nagar Nigam), 46 Nagar Palika Parishad and 85 Nagar …
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According to Census 2011, India’s urban population is 377 million or 31% of the total population, which is expected to increase to 600 million by 2031. The Census 2011 also showed that in 4,041 statutory towns, 7.90 million households (HHs) do not have access to toilets and defecate in the opena1. Under the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), it is envisaged that nearly 80% of these 7.90 million HHs …
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Kabarto 1 IDP Camp is situated in the KRI and located in the Sumel District, which is part of the Duhok Governorate administration, and it lies approximately 13km southwest of Duhok.
The population figures are managed by the camp management on behalf of the Directorate of Migration and Crisis Response (DMCR) and, the population present at the time of the key informant interview with the camp …
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The objective of the seminar was to enable anyone responsible for the sustainable operation of
on-site sanitation systems to find out about new developments in the field, and to share their
experience with counterparts from elsewhere in Southern Africa and the world.
The seminar was split across six sessions and ended with two field visits (hosted by eThekwini's
Water and Sanitation …
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Faecal sludge management (FSM) covers the whole chain from containment, emptying and collection, transportation, treatment and disposal and end-use. Faecal sludge management (FSM), nonetheless, is applied to the context of onsite sanitation (OSS) systems only. This is particularly important for Zambia where in general close to 85 percent of the population relies on on-site sanitation system. CSO …
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Faecal sludge management (FSM) involves the collection, transport, safe treatment and disposal of the full contents of an on-site sanitation system e.g. a pit latrine, or a septic tank. To manage the contents appropriately; the sludge, the water and the solid waste within the containment system must be appropriately treated and disposed of.
In Kisumu, approximately 75% of household sanitation …
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Sanitation issues are some of the most significant development challenges for Kampala City, Uganda. Like many other capital cities in developing countries, Kampala is experiencing rapid population and economic growth. However, provision of key services including adequate sanitation for the city population has not been in tandem with these developments. Kampala Capital City Authority (KCCA) with …
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It is known that eradicating open defecation is only half the battle. For improving sanitation, faecal sludge and wastewater also needs to be safely managed. It is in this context that Government of India, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) issued a National Faecal Sludge and Septage Management (FSSM) Policy3 . It recommends regular desludging of septic tanks through a systematic …
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Availability of adequate sanitation services is one of the most significant development challenges experienced in the rapidly growing Kampala city. Over 90% of Kampala’s population relies on on-site sanitation which include flush (pour and cistern) toilets, Urine Diversion Dehydrating Toilets (UDDTs), Ventilated Improved Pit Latrines (VIPs) and traditional pit latrines.
The toilets are put up …
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Sanitation for Millions is a global multi-donor programme to improve access to safe sanitation and hygiene with a focus on vulnerable and disadvantaged groups. More than one million people in 14 countries have already benefitted directly from Sanitation for Millions’ measures that include the construction of sanitary facilities, capacity development to ensure adequate use, operation and …
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ENPHO and BORDA have been working in partnership since 2004 to improve living conditions and to protect natural resources and climatic conditions in inadequately served urban and peri-urban settlements in South Asia. Concentrated in the field of urban sanitation, key achievements include technical support and scaling up of Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems (DEWATS), introducing Faecal …
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Demonstration of Pro-poor Market-based Solutions for Faecal Sludge Management in Urban Areas of Southern Bangladesh is a project implemented by SNV Netherlands Development Organisation in partnership with Khulna City Corporation, Jhenaidah and Kushtia Paurashavas. Improvement of working conditions in sludge emptying and transportation is identified as a major area of action under the project. In …
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In Bangladesh, the most commonly used sanitation options such as pit-latrines and pour-flush latrine use pits or septic tanks for containing faecal sludge (FS) for a certain period of time which require regular emptying when the tanks or pits become full. This emptying and disposing of faecal sludge is usually performed in a traditional (manual) way by a certain group of people in the society …
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The main objective of this baseline study was to understand the current situation of faecal sludge management (FSM) and practices of residential premises in three cities in southern Bangladesh: Khulna, Kushtia and Jhenaidah. A second objective was to establish a benchmark for the FSM programme.
The baseline consists of two parts:
1) A quantitative part measuring access to sanitation, hygiene …
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The current document presents the City Sanitation Plan for PNP. PNP is one of the cluster towns selected for implementing fecal sludge management in Tamil Nadu. This plan is curated from the sanitation situation analysis which included identifying major components of sanitation (water supply, storm water drainage and solid waste management), issues related to it, and possible solutions.
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Faecal sludge management is recognized globally as an essential component of city-wide inclusive sanitation. However, a major gap in developing appropriate and adequate management and monitoring for faecal sludge is the ability to understand and predict the characteristics and volumes of accumulated faecal sludge, and correlations to source populations. Since standard methods for sampling and …
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After achieving the target of universal coverage of individual household toilet, Swachh Bharat Mission Gramin is working towards addressing the menace of solid and liquid waste management (SLWM) to ensure clean and healthy villages.
Government of Chhattisgarh has taken a sustainable approach to address solid and liquid waste in the state. SBM-G has adopted decentralized processes for waste …
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The training focuses on developing capacities of all the stakeholders including operators, service providers, Municipal Corporation, elected representatives etc.
This training aims at conveying the key concepts and how to do the operation and maintenance of community toilets and management of feacal sludge in an effective manner, what are the basic non-negotiable elements versus want are the …
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This ten year sanitation strategy for rural areas in India, prepared by the Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation (DDWS), Ministry of Jal Shakti, Government of India, in consultation with State Governments and other stakeholders, lays down the framework for achieving this long term vision. The strategy is intended to guide, local governments, policy makers, implementers and all relevant …
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The brochure summarizes the FSM project piloted in Dhenkanal, Odisha, and the journey the district undertook to become one of first districts to have 'safely managed' sanitation systems in India.
The Project is being implemented in the Dhenkanal district in the state of Odisha in consultation and partnership with the Panchayat Raj and Drinking Water Department and Housing and Urban Development …
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As a first step toward the goal of clean and sanitised villages, the state has issued the Odisha Rural Sanitation Policy in October 2020 that guides and enables sanitation interventions in rural areas over a ten-year horizon. In operationalising the Policy and in line with the objectives of SBM-G Phase II, Dhenkanal district in the state, with support from UNICEF and the Centre for Policy …
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Wayanad's pilot project on faecal sludge management (FSM) has encouraged risk-informed programming, innovation, in the sanitation sector. A unique waste management system has been commissioned in Wayanad that uses vermifiltration (use of worms) to process waste and turn it into compost and useable greywater.
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The Government of Kerala became open defecation free in 2016, allowing it to tackle the next challenge on the sanitation cycle - Faecal Sludge management. With funding support and supervision from UNICEF, and technical implementation by PriMove and TBF Environmental Solutions, Wayanad district constructed a Faecal Sludge Treatment Plant (FSTP) that uses earthworms to filter through the waste and …
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Faecal sludge management is essential to consolidate the gains from Swachh Bharat Mission. This is a toolkit in Hindi for practitioners for FSM in rural India. This toolkit in Hindi is a useful toolkit for managing faecal sludge in rural areas. It fills a gap in know-how and is of use to planners and practitioners to improve the management of faecal sludge in rural areas. It will be useful to …
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This toolkit (in English) is intended for practitioners and designers of faecal sludge management systems. It is a useful toolkit for managing faecal sludge in rural areas. It fills a gap in know-how and is of use to planners and practitioners to improve the management of faecal sludge in rural areas. While written with India in mind, it can be used in other developing countries.
A hindi …
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The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), the flagship sanitation scheme of the Government of
India has revolutionized India’s sanitation landscape. However, there are still gaps which
need to be bridged to sustain and build upon the success realized. This article by the
UNICEF India water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) team highlights why faecal sludge
management is the next practical step to …
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The Faecal Sludge and Septage Management: Service Business Models shares leading practices and innovations to improve how faecal sludge is managed, and how to expand services to the millions of people living in thousands of cities in urban India, lacking access to safely managed sanitation.
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UNICEF and the Water Supply and Sanitation Department of Maharashtra developed a manual to appraise government and village functionaries about the technical aspects, legal provisions, service value chain of FSM, relevant technologies of containment, collection, transportation and methodology for planning, implementation and monitoring of FSM projects.
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This report explores ways by which private sector engagement in FSSM can be successfully accelerated by looking at potential business opportunities and challenges in FSSM, lessons that can be learned from current FSSM practice and finally, key takeaways for the key stakeholders in the ecosystem. While each of these segments touch upon separate aspects of the FSSM ecosystem, the common thread of …
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The central questions that this thematic note seeks to address include: What can municipalities learn about creating a conducive enabling environment for faecal sludge management (FSM)? How can engineers create Faecal sludge treatment plant (FSTP) designs that work well on the ground both technically and financially?
The Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) has made significant strides in addressing …
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Namami Gange (a national mission for cleaning the Ganga River) is not just about physical cleaning of the river, it is about rejuvenating it and ensuring that it is ever flowing (Aviral) with clean (Nirmal) water. To achieve the same, a comprehensive approach is required which cuts across a lot of sectors. Human excreta (wastewater, faecal sludge, and supernatant) is one of the main causes for …
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An excreta flow diagram (also often described as shit flow diagram, SFD) presents a clear picture of the outcome arising from wastewater and faecal sludge management practices and services in a city or town. This is expressed in terms of the percentage of the population. An accompanying report describes the service delivery context of the city or town.
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Worldwide over the last years, a shift has taken place in the acceptance of faecal sludge management (FSM). It is now considered by many to be a viable solution alongside sewer-based systems in achieving citywide inclusive sanitation, and faecal sludge treatment plants (FSTPs) are starting to be constructed throughout Asia and Africa. For example, more than 40 FSTPs started operation in India and …
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This Resource Book is a compilation of important Govt of India Advisories and other Knowledge Resources relating to Urban Sanitation and COVID. National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) along with the National Faecal Sludge and Septage Management (NFSSM) Alliance Partners, has taken up this initiative of creating a repository of important government advisories and practitioners’ guidance …
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From December 2016, the German-funded project ClimateFriendly Sanitation Services in Peri-Urban Areas of Lusaka (CFS-Lusaka) implemented by GIZ on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) supported stakeholders to strengthen on-site sanitation (OSS) and safe faecal sludge management (FSM) in the fast-growing Zambian capital within the context of the …
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The Three Cities On-Site Sanitation (OSS) and Faecal Sludge Management (FSM) Knowledge Exchange (KEx) Case study provides detailed highlights of the capacity development initiative that was undertaken in three sub-Saharan African cities; Kampala (Uganda), Dar Es Salaam (Tanzania) andLusaka (Zambia). The KEx initiative was aimed at enabling keystakeholders from the three cities municipalities/ …
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Mysuru City is situated in southern part of the state at 770 m above sea level. According to the census 2011, the population of Mysuru was 893,062 and number of households (HH) were 209,650. Overall, the SFD Graphic depicts that 72% of excreta is safely managed while 28% is discharged untreated to the environment. Wastewater through sewer systems is generated by 92% of the total population of the …
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Lalitpur Metropolitan city which literary means ‘the city of fine arts’ is located in Lalitpur district of Province no.3 of Nepal. The city consist of 29 wards with the total population of 284,922 people residing in 70,256 households. The main sources of drinking water in the city are taps (municipal water supply), tap water (bore water) and wells. Majority of the population of Lalitpur …
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Godawari Municipality is located in Lalitpur District in Province No. 3 of Nepal. The municipality consist of 14 wards with the total population of 116,045 residing in 18,232 households. The majority of the population use lined tanks with impermeable walls and open bottom followed by fully lined tanks, lined pits with semi-permeable walls and open bottom, pits (all types) never emptied but …
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Dakshinkali Municipality is located in Kathmandu District in Province No. 3 of Nepal. The total population is 24,297 people residing in 6,925 households. Majority of the population (80%) are dependent on public taps and the remaining 20% of population are dependent on spring water. 14% of the population depend on an offsite sanitation system but most of the population in Dakshinkali Municipality …
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This report presents results of the project 'Circular economy in sanitation for agriculture – Faecal sludge management with cocomposting for vegetables cultivation in the Nilgiris', which started in 2017 and is funded under the Securing Water for Food programme and the FINISH Mondial programme.
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Budhanilkantha Municipality is located in Kathmandu District in Province No. 3 of Nepal with a total population of 153,303 people residing in 32,039 households. Most of the population are dependent on the sewer system followed by fully lined tanks, lined tanks with impermeable walls and open bottom, septic tanks, user interface directly connected to open drain and lined pits with semi-permeable …
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Bhaktapur Municipality is located in Bhaktapur district of Province no.3 of Nepal. The total number of people is 81,748, living in 17,639 households. Majority of the population of Bhaktapur Municipality are dependent on public water supply and their own source such as well and tap water. Mostly, the population of Bhaktapur Municipality
are dependent on sewer system followed by fully lined tanks, …
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Bangalore, the capital city of Karnataka is the third largest city and the fifth largest metropolitan area in India and is fast growing. It is a centre for education, IT and biotechnology, advanced health care and is home to many more Multi National Corporations (MNCs) which attract people to the city. As per Census 2011, the population of Bangalore City was about 8.5 million. Overall, the SFD …
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The Training Needs Assessment of masons was conducted to identify the required training needs based on the current levels of education and training of masons, their current level of knowledge and practices in toilet construction, and the construction of on-site containment structures. The findings from the study provide an insight in to the knowledge and practice gaps of masons and help identify …
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The sanitation workforce provides an essential public service to all. They clean and empty pit latrines, septic tanks, sewers and other sanitation systems, transport faecal sludge, remove contaminants from the sludge and process the sludge for disposal or reuse. Constantly exposed to faecal microorganisms, hazardous waste and harsh chemicals, sanitation workers are susceptible to several …
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Tarakeshwor Municipality is located in Kathmandu district in Province no. 3 of Nepal. The total population of the municipality is 81,443 people residing on 20,133 households. Most people are dependent on public water supply. Households without access to public water supply rely on well and tap water. 38% of population are dependent on sewer system, followed by user interface directly connected to …
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Nagarjun Municipality is located in Kathmandu district in Province no. 3 of Nepal. The total population of the municipality is 67,420 people residing in 16,746 households. The major sources of drinking water in Nagarjun Municipality are public water supply, well, springs and stream water. More than half of the population of Nagarjun Municipality is dependent on the sewer system followed by lined …
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Madhyapur Thimi Municipality is located in Bhaktapur district in Province no.3 of Nepal, consisting of 9 wards. The total population of the municipality is 83,036 residing in 20,302 households. Combined sewers are predominantly found in Madhyapur Thimi Municipality, followed by lined tanks with impermeable walls and open bottom, lined pits with semi-permeable walls and open bottom with no outlet …
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Kageshwori Manohara Municipality is located in Kathmandu district in Province No.3 of Nepal. The total population of the municipality is 102,235 residing in 26,166 households. People rely on either municipal water supply or from other sources. The main sources of drinking water are public tap, well and household bore water.
27% of the population are dependent on centralized combined sewer, 33% …
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Worldwide over the last years, a shift has taken place in the acceptance of faecal sludge management (FSM). It is now considered by many to be a viable solution alongside sewer-based systems in achieving citywide inclusive sanitation, and faecal sludge treatment plants (FSTPs) are starting to be constructed throughout Asia and Africa. For example, more than 40 FSTPs started operation in India and …
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Building on the success of the first four International FSM Conferences in Chennai (2017), Hanoi (2015) and in Durban (2011& 2012), the FSM5 conference brought together professionals working in the sector, including utilities, service providers, cities, governments, academics, scientists, consultants, donors and industries, to support the global initiative of disseminating sustainable solutions …
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Bheemdatt municipality is located in Kanchanpur District of Sudur Paschim Pradesh, Nepal. The municipality covers an area of 171.63 square kilometres. It is home to 62,050 people as per census 2011. The municipality, which has been declared Open Defecation Free Zone on November 2017, is divided into 19 wards.
The municipality has a stormwater drain in core urban areas but lacks municipal …
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In Spanish: Este webinar nos mostrará diferentes experiencias en la gestión de lodos fecales, evaluando la magnitud de esta problemática y las principales limitaciones que deben ser superadas para mejorar la gestión de lodos fecales en nuestra región.
Esa entrada de la biblioteca contiene las presentaciónes del webinar 2: "Gestión de lodos fecales en zonas urbanas"
- Gestión de …
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With increased urbanization and regulatory scrutiny, the ability of humanitarian agencies to use the simple pit latrine to safely manage human waste in emergencies will decline. When a latrine is not suitable, the response options become exponentially more complicated. Different toilets must be constructed. The contents must then be removed and treated. This is as complicated and expensive as it …
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Some cities in the South Asian countries of Bangladesh, India and Nepal have established interventions around faecal sludge management (FSM). The purpose of this study is to identify and disseminate best practices and lessons learned on how to make FSM an integral part of urban sanitation service delivery in cities and towns in South Asia both with and without sewerage systems. This study draws …
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Presentations (download from conference website, see external link below, or go to: https://fsm5.susana.org/en/downloads/conference-materials):
Conference convenors:
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
BORDA
Eawag-Sandec
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH
Inclusive Sanitation in Practice (IPS)
Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA)
University of …
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The 9th Emergency Environmental Health Forum took place from 18th -19th 2019 in Geneva, Switzerland. It brought together water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) experts. The forum provided an opportunity to exchange recent field experiences and explore innovative approaches amongst over 110 attendees and discuss ways for future action and interventions for WASH in emergencies.
EEHF 2019 …
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On behalf of Oxfam, Arup have conducted a technical comparison study on Faecal Sludge Management at the Rohingya camps close to Cox's Bazar (CXB), Bangladesh. The aim of the study is to draw conclusions on best practice FSM for disaster relief, from evidence gathered through practical experience. The study used existing available data to inform the analysis and in many cases these datasets are …
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This compendium presents a range of technical options relating for collection, transport, treatment and disposal of fecal sludge in an emergency . It should be used as a guide to identify possible solutions for specific emergency situations and contexts. The final choice of options may need to combine different approaches and technologies and will depend on the phase of the emergency.
Each …
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Due to the lack of investment in a proper sanitation system in the Philippines - including sewage collection and treatment - close to 20% of the population (approx. 20 million) suffer from inadequate access to sanitation and 9 million rely on unsafe water sources. Additionally, a significant portion of the population is resorting to open defecation (6 million) as a negative coping mechanism, …
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Addressing urban sanitation requires a concurrent focus on both infrastructure and service delivery systems. Where on-site sanitation is the main type of sanitation, as in the programme cities, a focus on safe faecal sludge management was required. Regular emptying of on-site containment systems is a key service delivery challenge that provides an entry point for improving urban sanitation …
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The SFD week conducted from 2nd to 5th April 2019, was a three-day conclave on sanitation that helped around 140 sector players, from across India and beyond, to not only learn from the deliberations that went by throughout the week but also witness and enjoy the serene atmosphere that AAETI offers.
Here, you find the external link to the SFD Week material (presentations, videos, pictures) on …
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This discussion will examine a few aspects of the waste water economy. In November 2018, the SuSanA India Chapter, IRC and TARU organised a face-to-face ‘Insights Discussion’ on sharing experiences on waste water challenges and solutions, facilitated by the Ecosan Services Foundation, in Mumbai. That discussion brought out five issues – setting standards for using waste water and sewage, …
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Over a billion people in urban and peri-urban areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America are served by onsite sanitation technologies. Until now, the management of faecal sludge resulting from these onsite technologies has been grossly neglected. Financial resources are often lacking, and onsite sanitation systems tend to be regarded as temporary solutions until sewer-based systems can be …
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On 20. February 2019 a side-event and lunch-meeting on Resource Recovery & Safe Reuse (RRR) and Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) for Faecal Sludge Management (FSM) took place during the 5th AfricaSan Regional Conference on Sanitation and Hygiene (AfricaSan5) and 5th International Faecal Sludge Management (FSM5) Conference in Cape Town, South Africa.
The events were organised as part of the …
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The 6th International Dry Toilet Conference 2018 was held in Tampere, Finland on 22nd – 24th August 2018. The theme of the conference was Dry Toilet Goes Circular with a focus on Cooperation, Co-creation and Experimentation.
Please find the oral presentations and poster presentations below via the links to the page of the GlobalDry Toilet association of Finland.
***** Oral …
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The city of Blantyre is the commercial and financial centre of Malawi and is located around 300 kilometres south-east of the capital, Lilongwe. Blantyre is situated at an altitude of approximately 1,050 meters above the sea level with a population of 1,068,681. Over 65 percent of the city’s population live in unplanned, informal settlements that are expanding quickly. The Blantyre City Council …
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About the Training Modules
Training Modules on decentralsid sanitation, septage and waste water have been developed, tested and delivered by SCBP during 2016-17, during training of government officials from UP, Rajasthan, MP, Telengana, Bihar, Karnataka, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Chattisgarh. These Modules have also been used in Training of Trainers(ToTs) of Amrut Nodal Agencies, Academia, …
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About the Training Modules
Training Modules on decentralsid sanitation, septage and waste water have been developed, tested and delivered by SCBP during 2016-17, during training of government officials from UP, Rajasthan, MP, Telengana, Bihar, Karnataka, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Chattisgarh. These Modules have also been used in Training of Trainers(ToTs) of Amrut Nodal Agencies, Academia, …
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About the Training Modules
Training Modules on decentralsid sanitation, septage and waste water have been developed, tested and delivered by SCBP during 2016-17, during training of government officials from UP, Rajasthan, MP, Telengana, Bihar, Karnataka, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Chattisgarh. These Modules have also been used in Training of Trainers(ToTs) of Amrut Nodal Agencies, Academia, …
3264 Views
0 Downloads
About the Training Modules
Training Modules on decentralsid sanitation, septage and waste water have been developed, tested and delivered by SCBP during 2016-17, during training of government officials from UP, Rajasthan, MP, Telengana, Bihar, Karnataka, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Chattisgarh. These Modules have also been used in Training of Trainers(ToTs) of Amrut Nodal Agencies, Academia, …
1938 Views
0 Downloads
About the Training Modules
Training Modules on decentralsid sanitation, septage and waste water have been developed, tested and delivered by SCBP during 2016-17, during training of government officials from UP, Rajasthan, MP, Telengana, Bihar, Karnataka, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Chattisgarh. These Modules have also been used in Training of Trainers(ToTs) of Amrut Nodal Agencies, Academia, …
1894 Views
0 Downloads
About the Training Modules
Training Modules on decentralsid sanitation, septage and waste water have been developed, tested and delivered by SCBP during 2016-17, during training of government officials from UP, Rajasthan, MP, Telengana, Bihar, Karnataka, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Chattisgarh. These Modules have also been used in Training of Trainers(ToTs) of Amrut Nodal Agencies, Academia, …
1602 Views
0 Downloads
About the Training Modules
Training Modules on decentralsid sanitation, septage and waste water have been developed, tested and delivered by SCBP during 2016-17, during training of government officials from UP, Rajasthan, MP, Telengana, Bihar, Karnataka, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Chattisgarh. These Modules have also been used in Training of Trainers(ToTs) of Amrut Nodal Agencies, Academia, …
1948 Views
0 Downloads
About the Training Modules
Training Modules on decentralised sanitation, septage and wastewater have been developed, tested and delivered by SCBP during 2016-17, during training of government officials from UP, Rajasthan, MP, Telengana, Bihar, Karnataka, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Chattisgarh. These Modules have also been used in Training of Trainers(ToTs) of Amrut Nodal Agencies, Academia, …
2893 Views
0 Downloads
About the Training Modules
Training Modules on decentralised sanitation, septage and wastewater have been developed, tested and delivered by SCBP during 2016-17, during training of government officials from UP, Rajasthan, MP, Telengana, Bihar, Karnataka, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Chattisgarh. These Modules have also been used in Training of Trainers(ToTs) of Amrut Nodal Agencies, Academia, …
1599 Views
0 Downloads
About the Training Modules
Training Modules on decentralsid sanitation, septage and waste water have been developed, tested and delivered by SCBP during 2016-17, during training of government officials from UP, Rajasthan, MP, Telengana, Bihar, Karnataka, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Chattisgarh. These Modules have also been used in Training of Trainers(ToTs) of Amrut Nodal Agencies, Academia, …
2156 Views
0 Downloads
About the Training Modules
Training Modules on decentralsid sanitation, septage and waste water have been developed, tested and delivered by SCBP during 2016-17, during training of government officials from UP, Rajasthan, MP, Telengana, Bihar, Karnataka, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Chattisgarh. These Modules have also been used in Training of Trainers(ToTs) of Amrut Nodal Agencies, Academia, …
2337 Views
0 Downloads
About the Training Modules
Training Modules on decentralsid sanitation, septage and waste water have been developed, tested and delivered by SCBP during 2016-17, during training of government officials from UP, Rajasthan, MP, Telengana, Bihar, Karnataka, West Bengal, Jharkhand and Chattisgarh. These Modules have also been used in Training of Trainers(ToTs) of Amrut Nodal Agencies, Academia, …
4506 Views
495 Downloads
In developing the framework for provision and regulation of urban onsite sanitation services, the National Water and Sanitation Council of Zambia (NWASCO) was mandated to facilitate and coordinate the consultative process under the Ministry of Water Development, Sanitation and Environmental Protection (MWDSEP).
The objective of this publication is to assist in the creation of a regulatory …
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148 Downloads
The 21st meeting of the UK’s Sanitation Community of Practice was held on the 19th of April at the University of Leeds. The aim for the day was to engage participants in considering the links between human excreta management, solid waste management, and surface water drainage, as critical aspects of citywide environmental sanitation.
As well as the traditional SanCoP focus, contributions …
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0 Downloads
1. Background of Kushtia Municipality
2. Solid Waste Management in Bangladesh
3. Sanitation Situation in Bangladesh
4. Faecal Sludge Management Situation in Bangladesh
5. Problem of Solid and Faecal Sludge Waste Management
6. Pilot Intervention on Faecal Sludge Management in Kushtia
7. Key Findings
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153 Downloads
The Handbook is an initiative of Sanitation Capacity Building Platform (SCBP) to build capacities in Feacal Sludge and Septage Management (FSSM) for officials of urban local bodies (ULB), para state technical agencies, administrators and professionals from the private sector and Non-governmental Organizations. It is meant to be freely used by any can organization (public or private), national and …
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0 Downloads
Faecal Sludge and Septage Management has been a neglected area in Indian cities. It has not received attention because of poor understanding of faecal sludge/ septage and lack of proper technical guidance. In this context a training module was developed aimed at training institutes from various states of India that regularly provide training to ULB officials. This two day training programme was …
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273 Downloads
The 8th Emergency Environmental Health Forum (EEHF) event was hosted by the German WASH Network in close collaboration with the Secretariat of the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) at GIZ. The aim of the 2018 EEHF is:
- To share new research and learning
- To discuss new approaches and innovation in the sector
- To bridge silos between WASH and other humanitarian sectors
- To identify …
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377 Downloads
The Sanitation Challenge Conference was deliberately aimed to create a dialogue between civil, process, agricultural and environmental engineers; urban planners, sociologists, economists, and political scientists who are involved in international sanitation research and implementation. It took place in Wageningen, the Netherlands from 19. to 21. May 2008.
Furthermore, this conference tried to …
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0 Downloads
"Productive sanitation" - a discussion with three Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation grantees. Hosted by: Stockholm Environment Institute and the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) on 25 February 2014. This webinar has been recorded in 5 parts. This video clip contains Part 1, with an introduction by Arno Rosemarin.
Moderator: Nelson Ekane (SEI)
Sub-topics within the webinar:
1) Large …
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161 Downloads
This research aims to contribute a small part towards larger efforts building credible evidence and increasing understanding of the current proven solutions in the emergency context through two components. The first component aims to investigate and compile what options have been proven for applications in the emergency context. The second component aims to understand what are the driving forces …
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The fourth conference on developments in Faecal Sludge Management (FSM) took place in Chennai, India where the State Government recently initiated measures to address FSM with regard to policy, regulatory changes, innovative solutions, and pilots.
The conference aimed at bringing together professionals working in the sector, including utilities, service providers, cities, governments, …
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0 Downloads
In the fictional African city of Bafini, 80% of residents have no access to a sewer connection, relying instead on toilets with pits or septic tanks. This creates a need for better faecal waste collection services, and a market opportunity for a smart entrepreneur.
You run a waste management business in Bafini, and have just decided to expand into faecal sludge management. You have a positive …
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7 Downloads
The previous chapters covered how stabilisation, drying, and pathogen reduction of faecal sludge (FS) can be achieved with different treatment technologies, and combinations of these various technologies. Each treatment technology results in endproducts which need to be further treated, disposed of, or harnessed for some type of resource recovery. Endproducts, for example dried or partially dried …
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41 Downloads
In an emergency situation, the collection, treatment and disposal of the human excreta and waste in a safe way is one of the biggest challenges to face, regardless the type of disaster. When it comes to faecal sludge management, the traditional desludging methods can often not be appropriate in an acute emergency phase. Consequently, relief organisations aim to apply new and simple approaches and …
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50 Downloads
Recognising city-level capacity limitations for decentralised sanitation planning and implementation in India, the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) appointed the National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA) as the anchor organisation for a Sanitation Capacity Building Platform (SCBP) to support cities in their sanitation planning and implementation. NIUA partnered with CAWST,2 a capacity …
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0 Downloads
Like many cities in India, the city of Nashik is also struggling with citywide Solid Waste and Wastewater management. Therefore, there is an urgent need for an integrated approach to solid waste and wastewater management on the one hand and control of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions on the other hand. The Waste to Energy Project in Nashik is one such solution through co-processing of septage …
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395 Downloads
Like many cities in India, the city of Nashik is also struggling with citywide Solid Waste and Wastewater management. Therefore, there is an urgent need for an integrated approach to solid waste and wastewater management on the one hand and control of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions on the other hand. The Waste to Energy Project in Nashik is one such solution through co-processing of septage …
5830 Views
675 Downloads
The sanitation situation in most of Kampala can be summarized as follows:
About 90% of it’s population relies on on-site sanitation facilities (pit latrines and septic tanks) whereas 50% of households share one sanitation facility, leading to unhygienic conditions.
More than 50% of pit-latrines are un-lined and filled with solid waste and only 20 – 25% of the toilets have ever been emptied …
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73 Downloads
The Faecal Sludge Transfer Station (FSTS) design is an innovation of Water for People (WfP) supported by GIZ RUWASS under a cofunding arrangement with the Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC). Under the Resource Recovery and Safe Reuse (RRR) Project Phase II, two mobile Faecal Sludge Transfer Stations have been piloted from April to June 2017 within informal urban settlements in Kampala.
The …
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443 Downloads
KCCA’s current drive towards improving faecal sludge management in Kampala is cognisant of the city sanitation challenges and significant contribution of sanitation to economic and social development of the country and thus its citizens. The Authority and its divisions have an intermediary function for the coordination of sanitation planning and the harmonisation with urban development …
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4195 Downloads
Worldwide, 2.7 billion people rely on onsite sanitation and more than 4.5 billion people do not have access to safely managed sanitation services. Yet, in many places there is still no management system in place to deal with the faecal sludge (e.g. septage and pit latrine sludge) from such systems. This results in the faecal waste often being dumped directly into the immediate residential …
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86 Downloads
Two flagship programmes of Prime Minister Narendra Modi are working at cross-purposes. By 2019, when Swachh Bharat Mission comes to an end, some 30 million septic tanks and pits would have been dug along the Ganga. These tanks and pits would produce 180 Million litres of faecal sludge every day, which will eventually find its way into the Ganga, defeating Namami Gange. It's time the Central, …
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148 Downloads
FSM4 was held in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, where the State Government has recently initiated measures to address FSM with regard to policy, regulatory changes, innovative solutions, and pilots. FSM4 focused on innovative and practical solutions that can be scaled up, including three tracks: research, case studies, and industry & exhibition.
Find below in chronological order the presentations held …
3636 Views
233 Downloads
FSM4 was held in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, where the State Government has recently initiated measures to address FSM with regard to policy, regulatory changes, innovative solutions, and pilots. FSM4 focused on innovative and practical solutions that can be scaled up, including three tracks: research, case studies, and industry & exhibition.
Find below in chronological order the presentations held …
3915 Views
172 Downloads
FSM4 was held in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, where the State Government has recently initiated measures to address FSM with regard to policy, regulatory changes, innovative solutions, and pilots. FSM4 focused on innovative and practical solutions that can be scaled up, including three tracks: research, case studies, and industry & exhibition.
Below you find the presentations held in track 3: Industry …
3955 Views
164 Downloads
FSM4 was held in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, where the State Government has recently initiated measures to address FSM with regard to policy, regulatory changes, innovative solutions, and pilots. FSM4 focused on innovative and practical solutions that can be scaled up, including three tracks: research, case studies, and industry & exhibition.
Below you find the presentations held in track 2: Case …
3595 Views
165 Downloads
FSM4 was held in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, where the State Government has recently initiated measures to address FSM with regard to policy, regulatory changes, innovative solutions, and pilots. FSM4 focused on innovative and practical solutions that can be scaled up, including three tracks: research, case studies, and industry & exhibition.
Find below in chronological order the presentations held …
3535 Views
137 Downloads
FSM4 was held in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, where the State Government has recently initiated measures to address FSM with regard to policy, regulatory changes, innovative solutions, and pilots. FSM4 focused on innovative and practical solutions that can be scaled up, including three tracks: research, case studies, and industry & exhibition.
Find below in chronological order the presentations held …
3610 Views
259 Downloads
FSM4 was held in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, where the State Government has recently initiated measures to address FSM with regard to policy, regulatory changes, innovative solutions, and pilots. FSM4 focused on innovative and practical solutions that can be scaled up, including three tracks: research, case studies, and industry & exhibition.
Below you find the presentations held in track 1: Research …
4585 Views
279 Downloads
Onsite sanitation systems are the predominant sanitation option worldwide (Medland et al., 2015). High population density in cities in low-middle income countries means that faecal sludge (FS) from onsite systems cannot be managed safely onsite. This creates a need for safe management of the FS through the sanitation service chain (SSC) (Hawkins et al. 2013). The movement of FS and wastewater …
7992 Views
1661 Downloads
Bahir Dar is a city located northwest Ethiopia with a tropical savannah climate. According to the Town Administration, the population is 318,429 people, where 85% live in the urban and 15% in the peri-urban and rural areas of the city (data from 2012). Economic activities include an expanding textile industry as well as rapidly growing agro-industries. The potential for tourism and real estate …
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0 Downloads
This collection contains the resources for both trainers and participants for CAWST and Eawag-Sandec's Introduction to Faecal Sludge Management workshop. This is a two-three day introductory workshop on FSM designed for various sanitation stakeholders. In this workshop, participants will learn about faecal sludge management for low-income communities not connected to a sewer. The workshop …
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155 Downloads
This discussion brief introduces a new tool being developed in the SEI Initiative on Sustainable Sanitation.
There is increasing interest in the concept of the circular economy and “closing the loop” in our use of various vital resources – including water, energy and mineral resources. This is driven not only by an interest in reducing the social and environmental damage linked to …
3158 Views
69 Downloads
To-date, sanitation and waste management has mainly been approached from a public and environmental health perspective and this implies that excreta and other organic waste streams are seen not only as a hazard to quickly get rid of but also as only a very costly menace to manage. However, looking at sanitary and other urban organic waste streams from a resource recovery perspective provides an …
6165 Views
456 Downloads
Kabul is the capital and largest city of Afghanistan, located in the eastern section of the country. According to a 2012 estimate, the population of the city was around 3,289,000. It was selected for the SFD program because it is a mega city with only 20% supplied with piped water and 60% informal dwellings. In Kabul it was estimated that 25% of excreta is managed safely while 75% of the excreta …
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1041 Downloads
Kampala is the capital and most populated city in Uganda, with a population of 1,507,080. The total area of the city is 178 km². In line with rapid urbanization, approximately 60% of city residents live in informal low-income settlements (“slums”). To account for the large number of daily commuters into Kampala, the assessment is based on a total population of …
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137 Downloads
In Kampala, about 90% of the people rely on on-site sanitation solutions, which cannot be considered “improved” or “acceptable” in most cases: too many households share one toilet; pit-latrines are unlined, filled with solid wastes, and hard to access for emptying services, ultimately leading to filled-up facilities that are either abandoned or directly emptied into the environment, …
3385 Views
50 Downloads
Sanitation issues are some of the most significant development challenges for Kampala City, Uganda. Like many other capital cities in developing countries, Kampala is experiencing rapid population and economic growth. However, provision of key services including adequate sanitation for the city population has not been in tandem with these developments.
In Uganda, piped sanitation systems are …
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146 Downloads
Tirupati is situated in Chittoor district in the southern of the state of Andhra Pradesh with a total population of just under 375,000. The town is a pilgrimage center and attracts a total diurnal floating population of about 55,000. During religious festivals the diurnal floating population exceeds 100,000. In Tirupati it was estimated that 70% of excreta is managed safely while 30% of the …
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88 Downloads
Besides sanitation, solid waste management plays an important role in improving the hygienic conditions in cities. There are several strong links between sanitation and solid waste management. In sanitation systems without sewers, urine, faecal matter and faecal sludge have to be collected from the single households such as solid waste. Faecal matter as well as sludge from wastewater treatment …
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52 Downloads
This library entry contains background documents for a grant that Chris Buckley is leading and which is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Further information is also available on the SuSanA discussion forum, see link below.
Short description of the project:
The grant was awarded to the Pollution Research Group (PRG) at the University of KwaZulu-Natal in order to increase the …
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310 Downloads
During the immediate phase of an emergency in an urban context, the implementation of sanitation programmes takes a long time to provide suitable and sufficient facilities for the affected population.
While the emergency response for drinking water programmes has been improved with the design of standardised, rapid deployment kits, sanitation programmes in urban areas are limited to very few …
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84 Downloads
This library entry contains background documents for a grant that Daniel Okello (Phase 1) and Najib B. Lukooya (Phase 2) are leading and which is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Further information is also available on the SuSanA discussion forum, see link below.
6456 Views
715 Downloads
Tiruchirappalli, also known as Trichy, is one of the largest cities in Tamil Nadu and is known as an important trade, education and pilgrimage centre. The population of city as per the 2011 Census is 916,857. There is sewerage network which covers 59% of the population. Rest of the city is majorly dependent on septic tanks which are generally not adhering to design prescribed by Bureau of Indian …
7392 Views
1112 Downloads
Agra, the former capital of India is a city on the banks of the river Yamuna in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. There is sewerage network which covers half of the population. Rest of the city is majorly dependent on septic tanks which are generally not adhering to design prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS).
Date of production: 21/10/2015
Last update: 29/01/2016
5896 Views
272 Downloads
Gwalior is a historical city in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. There is sewerage network covering around 80% of the population. In spite having good sewerage network within the city only 19% of wastewater is safely managed in the city and rest 81%, which also includes 6% of city defecating in open, is shown unsafe in SFD.
Date of production: 13/10/2015
Last update: 23/01/2016
5764 Views
391 Downloads
Danang is located at the South Central Coast of Vietnam. It is the fourth most populated city in the country with approximately 1,007,400 inhabitants in 2014 (GSO 2015). The total land area of the city is 1,285 km2, including 65 km2 of residential area (GSO 2015). Sixty-two percent (62%) of the excreta flow was classified as unsafe management along the sanitation service chain (containment, …
5976 Views
370 Downloads
The city of Nashik is located in the northwest of the state of Maharashtra in the Western Ghats at the source of the Godavari River. As per Census 2011 Nashik has a total population of just under 1.5 Million. In Nashik it was estimated that 85% of excreta is managed safely while 15% of the excreta ends up directly in the environment without adequate treatment.
This Shit Flow Diagram (SFD) …
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213 Downloads
In 2012, the Water Research Commission, together with the Bill and Melinda Gates foundation, took a strategic decision to develop capacity in Africa to deal with faecal sludge management. This initiative, known as the Sanitation Research Fund for Africa (SRFA) Project, provides an exclusive research and development grant of up to US$200 000 to African institutions and organisations.
12 …
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880 Downloads
Kumasi is the second largest city in Ghana and lies in the Ashanti Region in the south of the country (Adarkwa, 2011). The city covers approximately 254 sq. km. It has an approximately population of 2.7 million with an annual growth rate of 5.5% (City Population, 2015, World Bank, 2008). A high percentage of the population of Kumasi is reliant on public toilets that are properly regulated by KMA …
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4346 Downloads
An excreta flow diagram (also often described as shit flow diagram, SFD) presents a clear picture of the outcome arising from wastewater and faecal sludge management practices and services in a city or town. This is expressed in terms of the percentage of the population. An accompanying report describes the service delivery context of the city or town.
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910 Downloads
Dar es Salaam lies on the coast of the Indian Ocean and is the largest city and economic hub of Tanzania (DCC, 2004). The 2015 population is estimated to have reached more than 5 million inhabitants (NBS,2013). In Dar es Salaam, it was estimated that 43% of excreta is managed safely while 57% of the excreta ends up directly in the environment without adequate treatment.
This Shit Flow Diagram …
5170 Views
84 Downloads
Aizawl is the capital of Mizoram State located in the east of the Himalayan region of India. The density of the city, 2,823 persons per sq. km, is higher compared to state average, 52 persons per sq. km. 92% of the city depend on onsite sanitation systems and 8% of the city on offsite systems. There is no wastewater treatment leading to unsafe management of faecal sludge and wastewater.
Date …
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8 Downloads
The workshop participants were divided into two groups to discuss the existing material in the new book on Faecal Sludge Management. The first group was asked to focus on the chapters dealing with the FSM Technology issues while the second group focused on the Planning and Management chapters of the book.
All workshop presentations are available …
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22 Downloads
Resource recovery is important to consider before choosing a method for faecal sludge treatment and management, to ensure technologies are adequately and appropriately designed to produce resource recovery products. The workshop covered a wide range of resource recovery opportunities from faecal sludge including composting, vermicomposting, protein, fodder and plants, building materials and …
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32 Downloads
Resource recovery is important to consider before choosing a method for faecal sludge treatment and management, to ensure technologies are adequately and appropriately designed to produce resource recovery products. The workshop covered a wide range of resource recovery opportunities from faecal sludge including composting, vermicomposting, protein, fodder and plants, building materials and …
3696 Views
7 Downloads
The workshop presented the overarching framework of the WSP FSM study, and focused on key diagnostic tools being developed by GIZ, Emory University and WSP. These tools are designed to: track faecal waste flows (SFDs), assess public health risks (SaniPATH) and assess economic outcomes of interventions (ESI). By using a mix of presentations, case study-based group work and open discussion, the …
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0 Downloads
The Third International Faecal Sludge Management Conference was held in Hanoi from the 18th to the 21st of January 2015. More than 700 delegates from around the world shared ideas and discussed challenges and opportunities in on-site sanitation.
Below you find the list of papers in chronological order by day (Day 1-3) and room (room 1-3 ). In order to search by author, simply press "Ctrl+F" …
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62 Downloads
This library entry contains background documents for a grant that Mirco Keller is leading and which is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Further information is also available on the SuSanA discussion forum, see link below.
Goal(s):
The overall goal of the Project is to decrease in the quantity of untreated faecal sludge being released into the environment of …
6373 Views
307 Downloads
In this library entry we have grouped together up to five documents that we think are important "first reading" materials for anyone wishing to obtain a quick overview of this topic. For more details, please see the external links to the discussion forum below.
The documents listed in this library entry in reverse chronological order already exist as individual library entries but have been …
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186 Downloads
This library entry contains background documents for a grant that Sudhir Pillay is leading and which is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (further information is also available on the SuSanA discussion forum, see link below).
The SRFA Project was established through a USD 2.5 Million grant from The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF). The project was aims to stimulate local …
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2237 Downloads
The Second International Faecal Sludge Management Conference was held in Durban from the 29th to the 31st of October 2012. 320 delegates from around the world shared ideas and discussed challenges and opportunities in on-site sanitation.
Below you find the Conference Report and the list of papers in alphabetical order by main author last name.
The available FSM2 conference presentations in …
7853 Views
723 Downloads
Emergency camp’s sanitation infrastructure is often inadequate and the risks to people’s health become extreme. Governments, NGOs and Humanitarian organisations are fully aware of these problems and the fact that the basic pit latrine design has not been improved upon in decades which aggravated those problems even more.
This is especially applicable for camps packed with tens of thousands …
