Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO) (2024) SFD (Level 2) Report - Bhojpur Municipality
Bhojpur Municipality is situated in Bhojpur District of Koshi Province in the eastern region of Nepal. It is divided into 12 wards and covers an area of 159.52 km2. It was established on May 16, 2014 and was reformed on 2016. It is formed by merging 8 Village Development Committees (VDCs) namely Gupteshwar, Siddheshwar, Bokhim, Helauchha, Bhaisipankha, Amtek, Taksar and Bhojpur. It lies at 28°53ʹ […]
Online since: 31.07.2026
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Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO) (2024) SFD (Level 2) Report - Baglung Municipality
Baglung Municipality is situated in Baglung District of Gandaki Province in the western region of Nepal. It is divided into 14 wards and covers an area of 98.01 km2. It was established on January 31, 1997, by merging 3 Village Development Committees (VDCs) namely, Kalika, Mulpani and Laharepipal and was reformed on March 10, 2017 by merging 7 VDCs; Malika, Tityang, Bhakunde, Raya Danda, Amalachaur, […]
Online since: 31.07.2026
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Downloads: 107
Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO) (2024) SFD (Level 2) Report - Gorkha Municipality
Gorkha Municipality is situated in Gorkha District of Gandaki Province in the western region of Nepal. It is divided into 14 wards and covers an area of 131.86 sq. km. It was established on January 28, 2014 by merging 3 Village Development Committees (VDCs) namely, Gorakhkali, Raniswara and Taranagar. It lies at 27°56ʹ03ʺ to 28°13ʹ07ʺ N latitude and 84°23ʹ to 84°38ʹ E longitude and […]
Online since: 31.07.2026
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Downloads: 99
Environment and Public Health Organization (ENPHO) (2024) SFD (Level 2) Report - Resunga Municipality
Resunga Municipality is situated in Gulmi District of Lumbini Province in the western region of Nepal. It is divided into 14 wards and covers an area of 83.74 sq. km. It was established on May 8, 2014, by merging 4 Village Development Committees (VDCs) namely, Tamghas, Arkhale, Simichaur and Dubuchaur. It lies at 27°59ʹ to 28°7ʹN latitude and 83°12ʹ to 83°19ʹE longitude and at the […]
Online since: 31.07.2026
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Downloads: 101
Valentin Post, G. Anand, Rajkumar Sampath (2026) Where does all the human waste go?
Closing the Loop: The Final Chapter in FINISH Mondial’s Sanitation Journey Paper 7 highlights FINISH Mondial’s journey from sanitation access to faecal sludge management, showcasing achievements, key learnings, and the shift toward a circular economy that transforms human waste into safe, valuable resources. The release of Paper 7 marks a significant milestone in the Financing Sanitation Paper Series, bringing long-overdue attention to one of the most […]
Online since: 30.03.2026
Views: 0
Downloads: 579
Paresh Chhajed-Picha; N.C. Narayanan (2021) Refining the shit flow diagram using the capacity-building approach – Method and demonstration in a south Indian town
In cities of the Global South, faecal sludge management (FSM) has arisen as an acceptable and economical alternative for managing excreta. Shit flow diagram (SFD) has emerged as the preferred tool for the planning andadvocacy of FSM services. Besides context-specific challenges, FSM planning, especially the use of SFD is impeded by the lack of data related to on-site sanitation systems (OSSs) and lack of capacity […]
Online since: 20.11.2025
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Downloads: 626
ITN-BUET Centre for Water Supply and Waste Management (2024) Voices from the Field: Understanding the Lives of Sanitation Workers through Photovoice in Southwest Bangladesh Research Summary
Bangladesh has an investment pipeline valued at more than $USD1.3 billion planned for faecal sludge management (FSM) in the next decade (2024-2035). With such a significant investment plan, it is pertinent to review and learn from current FSM service delivery approaches. Thorough understandings of current practices and FSM service performance can inform upcoming investments to maximise efficacy and sustainability. Thus, in 2024, Practical Action and […]
Online since: 01.07.2025
Views: 57
Downloads: 589
ENPHO (2024) SFD (level 2) Report - Shaarada Municipality, Nepal
Shaarada Municipality is situated in Salyan District of Karnali Province in the western region of Nepal. It is divided into 15 wards and covers an area of 198.34 sq. km. It was officially established on May 16, 2014 As per the national population and housing census conducted in 2021, Shaarada Municipality has a total population of 34,663 with 16,388 male and 18,275 female population. It […]
Online since: 26.01.2024
Views: 733
Downloads: 1407
ENPHO (2024) SFD (level 2) Report - Janakpurdham Sub-Metropolitan City, Nepal
Janakpurdham Sub-Metropolitan City is situated in Dhanusa District of Madhesh Province in the southern region of Nepal. Formerly, it was established as Janakpur Sub-metropolitan City on 1960. Later on 2014, it was re-named as Janakpurdham and changed the sub-metropolitan city to sub-metropolitan city. It is divided into 25 wards As per the national population and housing census conducted in 2021, Janakpurdham Sub-Metropolitan City has a total […]
Online since: 25.01.2024
Views: 1199
Downloads: 533
ENPHO (2023) SFD (level 2) Report - Sunwal Municipality, Nepal
Sunwal Municipality is situated in Nawalparasi District of Lumbini Province in the southern region of Nepal. It was established on May 18, 2014 by merging the Village Development Committees (VDCs), Swathi and Sunwal. On March 10, 2017, it was reformed by merging the Ramnagar area and ward 6 of Dhurkot VDC with the already-existing Sunwal Municipality. It is divided into 13 wards.As per the national […]
Online since: 23.10.2023
Views: 1157
Downloads: 739
ENPHO (2023) SFD (level 2) Report - Kolhabi Municipality, Nepal
Kolhabi Municipality is situated in Bara District of Madhesh Province in the southern region of Nepal. It is divided into 11 wards and covers an area of 157.40 sq. km. It was restructured by merging the already-existing Kolhabi, Sapahi, Prasauna, Kakadi, Amab, Bachhanpurwa, Rampurwa Village Development Committeees (VDCs) and some wards from VDCs Sinhasani (wards 1 and 2), Haraiya (ward 6), Karaiya (ward 8) and […]
Online since: 06.10.2023
Views: 913
Downloads: 1938
ENPHO (2023) SFD (level 2) Report - Mirchaiya Municipality, Nepal
Mirchaiya Municipality is situated in Siraha District of Madhesh Province in the southern region of Nepal. It is divided into twelve wards and covers an area of 91.97 sq. km. It was established on May 18, 2014 by merging the already-existing Village Development Committees (VDCs), Rampur Birta, Malhaniyakhori, Radhopur, Ramnagar, Mirchaiya, Phulbariya, Sitapur Pra. Da., and Madheshpur Gamharia. It lies at 26.4955° N latitude, 86.1516 […]
Online since: 25.09.2023
Views: 1083
Downloads: 493
ENPHO (2023) SFD (level 2) Report - Rajbiraj Municipality, Nepal
Rajbiraj Municipality lies in Saptari District of Madhesh Province, Nepal. It is divided into sixteen wards and covers an area of 55.64 sq. km. It is restructured by merging with Village Development Committees (VDCs) namely (Maleth, Dighwa, Farseth, Bishharia, Deuri Bharuwa) and some wards of VDCs (Haripur-6, Madhyepura 4-7, Boriya 3-7). It lies at 26.5419° N latitude, 86.7567 °E longitude and the altitude of 76 […]
Online since: 22.09.2023
Views: 970
Downloads: 1813
ENPHO (2023) SFD (level 2) Report - Mahakali Municipality, Nepal
Mahakali Municipality is in Darchula District of Sudurpaschim Province, Nepal. It is divided into nine wards and covers an area of 135.11 sq. km. It is formed by merging the former headquarters of Darchula district i.e., Khalanga, ward 4 to 17 of Api Municipality and Dattu Village Development Committee (VDC). It lies in the lesser Himalaya region with an elevation of 900 m to 3,100 […]
Online since: 23.05.2023
Views: 1262
Downloads: 499
WaterAid (2022) Faecal sludge management guide
Faecal sludge management is the collection, transport, treatment and reuse or disposal of faecal sludge from pit latrines, septic tanks and other on-site sanitation technologies, and is crucial to achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. You can use this guide as a reference document to help create better sanitation programmes, specifically to make sure sanitation is safely managed for everyone, everywhere. This guide does not replace […]
Online since: 10.06.2022
Views: 2385
Downloads: 1948
Nitya Jacob and Aditya Bhuyan (2022) Synthesis Document on the thematic discussion on building a decision tree for rural FSM
Faecal sludge management in rural areas is a fast emerging as a challenge as most toilets are single pits or containment tanks. The FSM chain, from containment and collection through transportation and treatment followed by safe reuse is very new and tenuous. While SBM II guidelines provide limited approaches, it was felt that a decision-support mechanism was needed. This thematic discussion elicited help on such […]
Online since: 11.04.2022
Views: 1919
Downloads: 629
National Water Supply and Sanitation Council (NWASC) (2018) Urban Onsite Sanitation and Faecal Sludge Management Framework for Provision and Regulation in Zambia
After decades promoting sanitation in low and middle-income countries, several countries and the global sanitation community have come to realise that it is time to rethink the approach to accelerating access to quality services. Since 2000, the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) has consistently reported that the share of the population in low and middle-income countries that use pit latrines, […]
Online since: 28.03.2022
Views: 1325
Downloads: 2397
Working Committee formed by the Local Government Division, Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Co-operatives (2017) Institutional and Regulatory Framework for Faecal Sludge Management (IRF-FSM)
In Bangladesh, on-site sanitation is prevalent throughout the country except for a small portion in Dhaka city, and the huge quantity of faecal sludge generated in septic tanks and pits (of pit/ pour-flush latrines) is inaptly managed. Lack of Faecal Sludge Management (FSM) services is causing severe environmental pollution, particularly in urban areas, affecting both public health and economy. Apart from Dhaka North and Dhaka […]
Online since: 28.03.2022
Views: 1832
Downloads: 471
Govt. of Bihar (2018) Guidelines for Faecal Sludge and Septage Management in Bihar
According to Census 2011, Bihar reported 11.67 million urban population i.e. 11.25% of total population of state, dwelling in 199 urban centers (which accounts 3.14% of total urban population of country). The state has 143 statutory towns and 56 census towns. The state has 143 urban local bodies(ULBs) including 12 Municipal Corporation (Nagar Nigam), 46 Nagar Palika Parishad and 85 Nagar Panchayat. State ULBs with […]
Online since: 25.03.2022
Views: 1297
Downloads: 2299
Government of India Ministry of Urban Development (2017) National Policy on Faecal Sludge and Septage Management (FSSM)
According to Census 2011, India’s urban population is 377 million or 31% of the total population, which is expected to increase to 600 million by 2031. The Census 2011 also showed that in 4,041 statutory towns, 7.90 million households (HHs) do not have access to toilets and defecate in the opena1. Under the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM), it is envisaged that nearly 80% of these […]
Online since: 24.03.2022
Views: 1537
Downloads: 481
